Structure of American and California Governments :: essays research papers

The United States of America is one of the most powerful nation- maintains in the cosmea today. The framers of the American Constitution spent a great deal of time and effort into making sure this power wasnt too centralized in one aspect of the government. They created three branches of government to help maintain a checks and balance system. In this paper I will discuss these three branches, the legislative, the executive, and the judicial, for two the state and federal level.The legislative branch of America helps create the laws or legislation. Ideally, it works to create a society that is safe for all members. The State of calcium like the federal government has a bicameral legislature, in other words, composed of two chambers. The upper chamber is called the senate, while the lower is called the assembly. A unparalleled process for the state level is that it allows for the initiative. This process circumvents the state congress and can create laws without their aide. In the state of California, every ten years, following a US census, which collects demographic information, state legislators draw redistricting plans for itself, California seats in the US House of Representatives, and the State Board of Equalization. There have been attempts to create a non-partisan redistricting commission, notwithstanding this has been turned down by voters numerous times. Proposition 14, 39, 118, and 119 were all turned down by voters to create a non-partisan districting commission. Every decade a full-grown portion of the state congresss energy is spent on redistricting. In fact, two of the last four censuses, Supreme Court has had to step in to break a deadlock. In 1970, Ronald Reagan, a Republican, vetoed all together the Democratic redistricting plan. The Supreme Court had to step in and created its own plans for California to follow. Then in 1981, Democrats proposed redistricting as well as congressional delegation redistricting. The Republicans stopped this b y adding referendums to the state ballot. Because it was too close to elections though, Supreme Court overturned these referendums in 1982. In 1984, they officially passed the new redistricting plan which was very similar to the original plans. In 1990, Governor Pete Wilson, a Republican, could not agree with a predominantly Democratic state legislature. The United States Supreme Court again had to step in and make independent plans. They created a system that moved two assembly districts into each senate district, otherwise known as a nested system.

Greed - Vital to Human Welfare Essay -- Expository Essays

Greed - Vital to Human Welf arWhats the noblest of human motivations? Some skill be tempted to answer charity, love of ones neighbor or, in modern, politically correct language giving something back to the community. In my book, these are indeed noble motivations, barely they pale in comparison to a much more potent motivation for human action. For me the noblest of human motivations is rapaciousness. I dont mean theft, fraud, tricks, or misrepresentation. By greed I mean people being only or mostly concerned with getting the most they can for themselves and not necessarily concerned or so the welfare of others. Social consternation might cause one to cringe at the suggestion that greed might possibly be seen as a noble motivation. Enlightened self-interest might be a preferable term. I prefer greed since it is far more descriptive and less likely to be confused with other human motives. That human greed is the greatest of human motivations should be obvious to all however, a fe w examples will hurl it more concrete. Texas cattle ranchers make enormous sacrifices to husband and insure the safety and well-being of their herds running down stray cattle in the snow to rush for and feed them, hiring veterinarians to insure their health, taking them to feed yards in time to fatten them up prior to selling them to slaughter houses. The result of these sacrifices is that New Yorkers can please having beef on their supermarket shelves. Idaho potato farmers arise early in the morning. They do backbreaking work in potato fields, with the sun beating down on them and maybe being eaten by bugs. Similarly, the result of their sacrifices is that New Yorkers can also enjoy having potatoes on their supermarket shelves.Why do Texas cattl... ...ng an endangered species. Such a rules of order reduces the private use-value of the land and hence weakens incentives to care for the land. Similarly, if there were high transfer taxes for land sales, it too would weaken incenti ves to care for the land. In fact, anything that weakens the owners private property rights in the land weakens his incentives to do the socially responsible thing - conserve on societys scarce resources.While human motivations such as charity, love, or concern for others are important and salutatory, they are nowhere nearly as important as peoples desire to have more for themselves. We all know that but we pretend it is not. That unwillingness to acknowledge personal greed as vital to human welfare, and instead view it with disapproval, makes us easy prey to charlatans and quacks whod take away our liberties in the pay heed of combatting greed.

Prosperity and Violence in Developed vs Underdeveloped Countries Essay

Prosperity and Violence in Developed vs Under veritable CountriesThe best examples of the cope transfer amidst prosperity and personnel areattributed in Bates to the early developers, whose success storystands in contrast to the prospect of the late developers whossituation is fundamentally associate to their historical relationshipwith the developed nations. In order to come to an understanding ofthe trade off surrounded by prosperity and fierceness it is thereforenecessary to express the terms of distinction between developed andunderdeveloped countries. This paper will therefore establish thecause of the trade off between prosperity and frenzy in order to high spot its impediments. In doing so this paper will argue that thehistory of early developers is characterised in Bates by the interplaybetween prosperity and violence and their respective roles in excite the great innovation. It will be argued that the tradeoff between prosperity and violence passes through distinct stageswhich has implications for the prospects of late developers. From rural beginnings in which a slim peace was established via thethreat of privately wielded violence to the feudal period which seesmonarchs engage in wars, the trade off between prosperity and violenceis the burden or solution of the exigencies of the time. There isthen a stark contrast between the histories of the developed nationsand the modern histories of the late developers. interest Bates, itwill be argued that the trade off between prosperity and violence hasnot yet effectively taken place within the developing world. The continue of global economic forces mate with the impact of the coldwar has negatively impacted the late deve... ....However, there is no doubt that the late developer?s great power toundergo the ?great transformation? has been perverted by the post warpolitical and economic environment. Insofar as the course of the latedevelopers direction has divert from the norm established by t heearly developers, the trade-off between prosperity and violence hasnot been accomplished.ReferencesBates, R, (2000), Prosperity and Violence the political economy ofdevelopment, W. W. Norton and company, immature York and LondonTodaro, M, (1997), ?Economic development?, ordinal Edition, LondonLongmanValenzuela, J.S and Valenzuela, A., (1978) Modernisation andDependency alternative perspectives in the study of Latin AmericanUnderdevelopment, Comparative Politics 10Kothari, U and Minogue, M, (2002), Development theory and recitalcritical perspectives, Palgrave Prosperity and Violence in Developed vs Underdeveloped Countries EssayProsperity and Violence in Developed vs Underdeveloped CountriesThe best examples of the trade off between prosperity and violence areattributed in Bates to the early developers, whose success storystands in contrast to the prospect of the late developers whossituation is fundamentally related to their historical relationshipwith the develo ped nations. In order to come to an understanding ofthe trade off between prosperity and violence it is thereforenecessary to establish the terms of distinction between developed andunderdeveloped countries. This paper will therefore establish thecause of the trade off between prosperity and violence in order tohighlight its impediments. In doing so this paper will argue that thehistory of early developers is characterised in Bates by the interplaybetween prosperity and violence and their respective roles ininspiring the great transformation. It will be argued that the tradeoff between prosperity and violence passes through distinct stageswhich has implications for the prospects of late developers. Fromagrarian beginnings in which a fragile peace was established via thethreat of privately wielded violence to the feudal period which seesmonarchs engage in wars, the trade off between prosperity and violenceis the outcome or solution of the exigencies of the time. There isthen a stark contrast between the histories of the developed nationsand the modern histories of the late developers. Following Bates, itwill be argued that the trade off between prosperity and violence hasnot yet effectively taken place within the developing world. Theimpact of global economic forces coupled with the impact of the coldwar has negatively impacted the late deve... ....However, there is no doubt that the late developer?s ability toundergo the ?great transformation? has been perverted by the post warpolitical and economic environment. Insofar as the course of the latedevelopers direction has diverted from the norm established by theearly developers, the trade-off between prosperity and violence hasnot been accomplished.ReferencesBates, R, (2000), Prosperity and Violence the political economy ofdevelopment, W. W. Norton and company, New York and LondonTodaro, M, (1997), ?Economic development?, Sixth Edition, LondonLongmanValenzuela, J.S and Valenzuela, A., (1978) Modernisation andDe pendency alternative perspectives in the study of Latin AmericanUnderdevelopment, Comparative Politics 10Kothari, U and Minogue, M, (2002), Development theory and practicecritical perspectives, Palgrave

Good And Evil Are Bedfellows in Flannery O’Connor A Good Man is Hard to

The Flannery OConnor story A Good Man is Hard to Find illustrates a parallel between the Misfit and the grandm another(prenominal), screening that adept and evil are not mutually exclusive in an individual. The grandmother and the Misfit display a flowing, changing state of character, representative of this shift. Flannery OConnor develops these deuce characters on the appear as simply universe a good person and a bad person. However, there is more to each character than the surface level, as they exhibit traits that wouldnt ordinarily seem fitting in regards to what would be expected. It is this complexity in human characteristics that OConnor takes the time to develop and try out the audience the depth of humanity.William Burke defines the bond between the Misfit and the grandmother by observing a shared moral principle (99). This moral principle is the tactile sensation that they deem themselves a good person, though, for entirely different reasons. As the family begin s its trip, despite her initial objections, the grandmother is content with the ride (OConnor 203). Her agreeable nature portrays her as being a kind old woman and therefore the good person she strives to be. Despite his criminal history, the Misfit is introduced as a considerate motorist, stopping to help the hurt family and their damaged vehicle (208). Considering his reputation, had he truly been a man of evil, the family would have been in immediate danger, as opposed to just the point from when the grandmother acknowledge him. Upon the realization that the Misfit may, in fact, be no different than one of her own children, her subsequent murder reveals the Misfits own regrets about his misdeeds (OConnor 212).On the other hand, the grandmother and the Misfit both act... ...s in mind A Good Man Is Hard to Come By because a solely good man is a rarity among individuals. Regardless of the role the person may have in society, a grandmother or a criminal, perhaps, there are mo re tangled blends in a personality than just good or evil.Works Cited Burke, William. Protagonists and antagonists in the fiction of Flannery OConnor. The Southern literary Journal 20 (1988) 99. Evans, R. (1997, January). A good man is hard to find. Short Fiction A Critical Companion, Retrieved November 23, 2008, from Literary Reference Center database.Kane, Richard. Positive deconstruction in the fiction of Flannery OConnor. The Southern Literary Journal 20 (1987) 45. OConnor, Flannery. A Good Man Is Hard to Find Literature Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Robert DiYanni. 6th ed. Boston McGraw Hill, 2007. 202-212.

Scarlett Letter Essay -- essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a tale set around the lives Puritan people, and how a women branded by them learns to live with their hypocrisy. The story strikes many a(prenominal) points about Hesters inner struggles, her relationship with her daughter Pearl, and how to except herself, just now unity of the greater focuses does not lie within her, but with the Puritans themselves. What I deliver of is how Hawthorne criticizes the Puritan people on their hypocrisy. Specifically, by use of the Scarlet Letter. Throughout the book there are many instances were Hawthorne shows the Puritans hypocrisy with the Scarlet Letter, which shows how intense his abhorrence is for them. May it be Hesters letter, Dimmesdales, or Pearls letter, Hawthorne finds a way to relate them. More than anyone, the people that criticize the letter the most is not Chillingworth, nor even Hester, but the towns people. Because the town is completely Puritan one would think they would be somewhat forgiving. Despite this though, they show there hypocriticalness through many chapters in the book, even as early as the second chapter. In the market place scene one can immediately see the extreme despise of the Puritans towards Hesters letter. as for the red letter which she hath stitched so curiously, Ill bestow a rag of mine own rheumatic flannel, to make a fitter one Spoken by an old dame, this is only one of many negative comments made by some of the Puritans. Yet as expected, the...

Scarlett Letter Essay -- essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a tale set around the lives puritan slew, and how a women branded by them learns to live with their hypocrisy. The story strikes many points about Hesters inner struggles, her relationship with her daughter Pearl, and how to except herself, but one of the great focuses does not lie within her, but with the Puritans themselves. What I speak of is how Hawthorne criticizes the Puritan people on their hypocrisy. Specifically, by use of the Scarlet Letter. Throughout the book on that point are many instances were Hawthorne trys the Puritans hypocrisy with the Scarlet Letter, which shows how intense his loathing is for them. May it be Hesters letter, Dimmesdales, or Pearls letter, Hawthorne finds a way to relate them. More than anyone, the people that criticize the letter the most is not Chillingworth, nor even Hester, but the towns people. Because the town is completely Puritan one would think they would be somewhat forgiving. Despite th is though, they show there hypocriticalness through many chapters in the book, even as early as the second chapter. In the market place scene one behind immediately see the extreme despise of the Puritans towards Hesters letter. as for the red letter which she hath stitched so curiously, Ill bestow a rag of tap own rheumatic flannel, to make a fitter one Spoken by an old dame, this is only one of many negative comments made by some of the Puritans. Yet as expected, the...

Creative Writing – Life in the City

The day in the metropolis is starting Claustrophobia. Frustration. Overcrowded. C moveing. Swarming. Cacophonous. Obstreperous. Clamorous. Vociferous.The gloomy grey flip-flop, with its heavy nimbostratus clouds, blocking all of the suns rays from reaching the Earth. The smoke from the industrial factories polluting the ambiance and smelling like a failed chemical experiment. The fridge-like coldness of the winter air freezing your face.Claustrophobia on the s manoeuvrets commuters, shooting menacing glares at each other, attempt to rush to work. They fight their way past each other, determined to do anything they can to get to their destination. One businessman, dressed in a shirt and tie and clutching a black leather briefcase, is shoved back as the current of the swarm of people against him is too strong. The towering skyscrapers looking down at the strugglers in battle.Across the road, the god-awful cacophony of cars blaring their horns is heard above everything else. Frustrat ed drivers, already late for work, bellowing at the ever-changing traffic imperfects and wide lorries blocking half of the road. The beat skyscrapers watch over the events their roofs almost brushing the heavens. Hectic life in the city goes on and on, and feels as though it go out neer end, that the commuters will never stop fighting their way into work, that the car drivers will never stop cursing at the traffic, that the city will never be empty dark time in the city. Empty. Deserted. Silent. In the charcoal black sky, the effulgent crescent moon, the glistening stars forming illuminating constellations, the flickering lights of a plane that glides through a sky like a hawk.Descending to the Earth, we observe the city in its now desolate state. Looking through a dimly lit, litter strewn alley, a unsettled man crouches defensively, ready to go to sleep for the night. His scruffy, short, light brown hair covered with a worn out, chequered hat. His torn, tatty shirt and his tro users covered with holes both sizes too small for him. A few meters away, a rat scuttles over to the litter, scavenging around for food.Turning into the car park, we see that the once overflowing place expert of resting vehicles of every size and shape, now contains nothing but the dormant parking meter that patrols the area. Standing on one leg and lining up in a straight row like soldiers, the street lights provide the only source of illumination, their one eye emitting a golden beam of shining light down on the dusty, cracked pavement below.Through the city park, the sea of trees is seen swaying gently in the whispering wind. Rippling reflections of the stars are shown in the peaceful pond. The vastest tree of the park comes into view with its narrow finger-like branches reaching skywards and brushing the heavens its gnarled bark and broad trunk radiating infinite wisdom.The silent, harmonious noises of the city now amplified. The ticking of the clock tower, the rustle of the au tumn leaves being softly blown down the road by the wind, the high pitched creaking of the constrict gates to the car park.Soon the silent, tranquil city will be once again transformed into the blaring, claustrophobic city, and life in the city will start again.

Angels Demons Chapter 32-35

32Langdon held his breath as the X-33 spiraled into Romes Leonardo da Vinci International Airport. Vittoria sat across from him, eyes closed as if trying to go away the situation into control. The craft touched down and taxied to a private hangar.Sorry for the slow flight, the pilot apologized, emerging from the cockpit. Had to trim her back. Noise regulations over populated areas.Langdon analyse his watch. They had been airborne thirty-seven minutes.The pilot popped the outer door. Anybody want to tell me whats going on?Neither Vittoria nor Langdon responded.Fine, he said, stretching. Ill be in the cockpit with the air-conditioning and my music. Just me and Garth.The late-afternoon sun blazed removed the hangar. Langdon carried his tweed jacket over his shoulder. Vittoria sullen her face up and inhaled deeply, as if the suns rays somehow transferred to her some mystical replenishing energy.Mediterraneans, Langdon m utilize, already sweating.Little old for cartoons, arent you? V ittoria asked, without opening her eyes.Im mordant?Your wristwatch. I saw it on the plane.Langdon flushed slightly. He was accustomed to having to defend his timepiece. The collectors edition Mickey Mouse watch had been a childhood gift from his parents. disdain the contorted foolishness of Mickeys outstretched arms designating the hour, it was the only watch Langdon had ever worn. Waterproof and glow-in-the-dark, it was perfect for swimming laps or walking unlit college paths at night. When Langdons students questioned his style sense, he told them he wore Mickey as a daily reminder to stay young at meaning.Its six oclock, he said.Vittoria nodded, eyes still closed. I think our rides here.Langdon heard the distant whine, looked up, and felt a sinking feeling. Approaching from the north was a eggbeater, slicing low across the runway. Langdon had been on a helicopter once in the Andean Palpa Valley looking at at the Nazca sand drawings and had non enjoyed it one bit. A flying s hoebox. afterward a morning of station plane rides, Langdon had hoped the Vatican would send a car.Apparently not.The chopper slowed overhead, hovered a mo workforcet, and dropped toward the runway in front of them. The craft was white and carried a coat of arms emblazoned on the side two skeleton keys crossing a shield and papal crown. He knew the symbol well. It was the traditional seal of the Vatican the holy symbol of the Holy perk or holy seat of government, the seat being literally the ancient throne of St. Peter.The Holy Chopper, Langdon groaned, watching the craft land. Hed forgotten the Vatican owned one of these things, employ for transporting the Pope to the airport, to meetings, or to his summer palace in Gandolfo. Langdon definitely would have preferred a car.The pilot jumped from the cockpit and strode toward them across the tarmac.Now it was Vittoria who looked uneasy. Thats our pilot?Langdon shared her concern. To fly, or not to fly. That is the question.The p ilot looked corresponding he was festooned for a Shakespearean melodrama. His puffy tunic was vertically striped in brilliant blue and gold. He wore coordinated pantaloons and spats. On his feet were black flats that looked care slippers. On top of it all, he wore a black felt beret.Traditional Swiss Guard uniforms, Langdon explained. Designed by Michelangelo himself. As the man drew closer, Langdon winced. I admit, not one of Michelangelos better efforts.Despite the mans garish attire, Langdon could tell the pilot meant business. He moved toward them with all the rigidity and gravitas of a U.S. Marine. Langdon had read many times about the rigorous requirements for becoming one of the elite Swiss Guard. Recruited from one of Switzerlands four Catholic cantons, applicants had to be Swiss males between nineteen and thirty years old, at least 5 feet 6 inches, trained by the Swiss Army, and unmarried. This imperial corps was envied by human governments as the most allegiant and de adly security force in the world.You are from CERN? the guard asked, arriving forwards them. His voice was steely.Yes, sir, Langdon replied.You made remarkable time, he said, enceinte the X-33 a mystified stare. He glum to Vittoria. Maam, do you have any other clothing?I beg your pardon?He motioned to her legs. Short underdrawers are not permitted inside Vatican city.Langdon glanced down at Vittorias legs and frowned. He had forgotten. Vatican City had a strict ban on visible legs above the knee two male and female. The regulation was a way of showing respect for the sanctity of beau ideals city.This is all I have, she said. We came in a hurry.The guard nodded, clearly displeased. He turned next to Langdon. Are you carrying any weapons?Weapons? Langdon thought. Im not even carrying a change of underwear He shook his head.The tycoonr crouched at Langdons feet and began patting him down, starting at his socks. rely guy, Langdon thought. The guards strong hands moved up Langd ons legs, coming uncomfortably close to his groin. Finally they moved up to his chest and shoulders. Apparently content Langdon was clean, the guard turned to Vittoria. He ran his eyes up her legs and torso.Vittoria glared. Dont even think about it.The guard fixed Vittoria with a gaze clearly intended to intimidate. Vittoria did not flinch.Whats that? the guard said, pointing to a faint square bulge in the front pocket of her shorts.Vittoria removed an ultrathin cell phone. The guard took it, clicked it on, waited for a dial tone, and whence, apparently satisfied that it was indeed cipher more than a phone, returned it to her. Vittoria slid it back into her pocket.Turn some, please, the guard said.Vittoria obliged, holding her arms out and rotating a full 360 degrees.The guard carefully studied her. Langdon had already resolute that Vittorias form-fitting shorts and blouse were not bulging anywhere they shouldnt have been. Apparently the guard came to the same conclusion.Thank y ou. This way please.The Swiss Guard chopper churned in indifferent(p) as Langdon and Vittoria approached. Vittoria boarded first, comparable a seasoned pro, barely even bend as she passed beneath the whirling rotors. Langdon held back a moment.No chance of a car? he yelled, half-joking to the Swiss Guard, who was climbing in the pilots seat.The man did not answer.Langdon knew that with Romes maniacal drivers, flying was probably safer anyway. He took a deep breath and boarded, stooping cautiously as he passed beneath the spinning rotors.As the guard fired up the engines, Vittoria called out, Have you located the canister?The guard glanced over his shoulder, looking confused. The what?The canister. You called CERN about a canister?The man shrugged. No idea what youre talking about. Weve been very busy today. My commander told me to pick you up. Thats all I know.Vittoria gave Langdon an unsettled look. heave up, please, the pilot said as the engine revved.Langdon reached for his s eat belt and strapped himself in. The tiny fuselage seemed to shrink around him. Then with a roar, the craft shot up and banked precipitously north toward Rome.Rome the caput mundi, where Caesar once ruled, where St. Peter was crucified. The cradle of modern civilization. And at its core a ticking bomb.33Rome from the air is a labyrinth an indecipherable maze of ancient roadways winding around buildings, fountains, and crumbling ruins.The Vatican chopper stayed low in the sky as it sliced northwest through the unchangeable smog layer coughed up by the congestion below. Langdon gazed down at the mopeds, sight-seeing buses, and armies of miniature Fiat sedans buzzing around rotaries in all directions. Koyaanisqatsi, he thought, recalling the Hopi terminus for life out of balance.Vittoria sat in silent determination in the seat beside him.The chopper banked hard.His stomach dropping, Langdon gazed farther into the distance. His eyes found the crumbling ruins of the Roman Coliseum. T he Coliseum, Langdon had forever thought, was one of historys greatest ironies. Now a dignified symbol for the rise of human culture and civilization, the stadium had been built to host centuries of barbaric events hungry lions shredding prisoners, armies of slaves battling to the finish, halo rapes of exotic women captured from far-off lands, as well as public beheadings and castrations. It was ironic, Langdon thought, or perhaps fitting, that the Coliseum had served as the architectural blueprint for Harvards Soldier Field the football stadium where the ancient traditions of savagery were reenacted every fall crazed fans screaming for bloodshed as Harvard battled Yale.As the chopper headed north, Langdon spied the Roman Forum the heart of pre-Christian Rome. The decaying columns looked like toppled gravestones in a cemetery that had somehow avoided being swallowed by the metropolis surrounding it.To the west the wide basin of the Tiber River wound enormous arcs across the ci ty. thus far from the air Langdon could tell the water was deep. The churning currents were brown, filled with silt and foam from heavy rains.Straight ahead, the pilot said, climbing higher. Langdon and Vittoria looked out and saw it. Like a mountain parting the morning fog, the colossal dome rose out of the haze before them St. Peters Basilica.Now that, Langdon said to Vittoria, is something Michelangelo got right.Langdon had never seen St. Peters from the air. The marble faade blazed like fire in the afternoon sun. Adorned with 140 statues of saints, martyrs, and angels, the Herculean edifice stretched two football fields wide and a staggering six long. The cavernous interior of the basilica had room for over 60,000 worshipers over one hundred times the population of Vatican City, the smallest country in the world.Incredibly, though, not even a fortification of this magnitude could dwarf the piazza before it. A sprawling expanse of granite, St. Peters Square was a staggering op en space in the congestion of Rome, like a classical Central Park. In front of the basilica, bordering the vast oval common, 284 columns swept outward in four concentric arcs of diminishing size an architectural trompe de loiel used to heighten the piazzas sense of grandeur.As he stared at the magnificent shrine before him, Langdon wondered what St. Peter would think if he were here now. The Saint had died a gruesome death, crucified upside down on this very spot. Now he rested in the most sacred of tombs, buried five stories down, directly beneath the central cupola of the basilica.Vatican City, the pilot said, sounding anything but welcoming.Langdon looked out at the towering stone bastions that loomed ahead impenetrable fortifications surrounding the complex a strangely secular defense for a spiritual world of secrets, world-beater, and mystery.Look Vittoria said suddenly, grabbing Langdons arm. She motioned frantically downward toward St. Peters Square directly beneath them. Langdon put his face to the window and looked. over there, she said, pointing.Langdon looked. The rear of the piazza looked like a parking lot crowded with a dozen or so trailer trucks. Huge satellite dishes pointed skyward from the roof of every truck. The dishes were emblazoned with familiar namesTelevisor EuropeaVideo ItaliaBBCUnited Press InternationalLangdon felt suddenly confused, wondering if the news of the antimatter had already leaked out.Vittoria seemed suddenly tense. wherefore is the press here? Whats going on?The pilot turned and gave her an odd look over his shoulder. Whats going on? You dont know?No, she fired back, her accent ill-humored and strong.Il Conclavo, he said. It is to be sealed in about an hour. The whole world is watching.Il Conclavo.The word rang a long moment in Langdons ears before dropping like a brick to the pit of his stomach. Il Conclavo. The Vatican Conclave. How could he have forgotten? It had been in the news recently.Fifteen days ago, the Po pe, after a hugely popular twelve-year reign, had passed away. Every paper in the world had carried the story about the Popes fatal stroke while sleeping a sudden and unexpected death many whispered was suspicious. But now, in keeping with the sacred tradition, fifteen days after the death of a Pope, the Vatican was holding Il Conclavo the sacred communion in which the 165 cardinals of the world the most powerful men in Christendom pull together in Vatican City to elect the new Pope.Every cardinal on the planet is here today, Langdon thought as the chopper passed over St. Peters Basilica. The expansive inner world of Vatican City spread out beneath him. The entire power structure of the Roman Catholic Church is sitting on a time bomb.34Cardinal Mortati gazed up at the lavish ceiling of the Sistine chapel and tried to find a moment of quiet reflection. The frescoed walls echoed with the voices of cardinals from nations around the globe. The men jostled in the candlelit tabern acle, whispering excitedly and consulting with one another in numerous languages, the usual tongues being English, Italian, and Spanish.The light in the chapel was usually sublime long rays of tinted sun slicing through the darkness like rays from heaven but not today. As was the custom, all of the chapels windows had been covered in black velvet in the name of secrecy. This ensured that no one on the inside could send signals or fall in any way with the outside world. The result was a profound darkness lit only by candles a shimmering radiance that seemed to purify everyone it touched, make them all ghostly like saints.What privilege, Mortati thought, that I am to oversee this sanctified event. Cardinals over eighty years of age were too old to be in line for election and did not attend combination, but at seventy-nine years old, Mortati was the most senior cardinal here and had been appointed to oversee the proceedings.Following tradition, the cardinals gathered here two ho urs before conclave to catch up with friends and engage in last-minute discussion. At 7 P.M., the late Popes chamberlain would arrive, give opening prayer, and then leave. Then the Swiss Guard would seal the doors and lock all the cardinals inside. It was then that the oldest and most secretive political ritual in the world would begin. The cardinals would not be released until they decided who among them would be the next Pope.Conclave. Even the name was secretive. Con clave literally meant locked with a key. The cardinals were permitted no contact whatsoever with the outside world. No phone calls. No messages. No whispers through doorways. Conclave was a vacuum, not to be influenced by anything in the outside world. This would ensure that the cardinals kept Solum Dum prae oculis only God before their eyes. external the walls of the chapel, of course, the media watched and waited, speculating as to which of the cardinals would become the ruler of one billion Catholics worldwide. Co nclaves created an intense, politically charged atmosphere, and over the centuries they had turned deadly poisonings, fist fights, and even murder had erupted within the sacred walls. Ancient history, Mortati thought. Tonights conclave will be unified, blissful, and above all brief.Or at least that had been his speculation.Now, however, an unexpected development had emerged. Mystifyingly, four cardinals were absent from the chapel. Mortati knew that all the exits to Vatican City were guarded, and the missing cardinals could not have gone far, but still, with less than an hour before opening prayer, he was feeling disconcerted. After all, the four missing men were no ordinary cardinals. They were the cardinals.The chosen four.As overseer of the conclave, Mortati had already sent word through the proper channels to the Swiss Guard alerting them to the cardinals absence. He had yet to hear back. Other cardinals had now noticed the puzzling absence. The anxious whispers had begun. Of al l cardinals, these four should be on time Cardinal Mortati was starting to affright it might be a long evening after all.He had no idea.35The Vaticans helipad, for reasons of safety and noise control, is located in the northwest bound of Vatican City, as far from St. Peters Basilica as possible.Terra firma, the pilot announced as they touched down. He exited and opened the sliding door for Langdon and Vittoria.Langdon descended from the craft and turned to garter Vittoria, but she had already dropped effortlessly to the ground. Every muscle in her body seemed tuned to one objective finding the antimatter before it left a horrific legacy.After stretching a reflective sun tarp across the cockpit window, the pilot ushered them to an oversized electric golf cart waiting near the helipad. The cart whisked them mutely alongside the countrys western border a fifty-foot-tall cement bulwark thick enough to ward off attacks even by tanks. Lining the interior of the wall, stick on at fi fty-meter intervals, Swiss Guards stood at attention, surveying the interior of the grounds. The cart turned sharply right onto Via della Osservatorio. Signs pointed in all directionsPalazzio GovernatorioCollegio EthiopianaBasilica San PietroCapella SistinaThey accelerated up the manicured road past a squat building marked Radio Vaticana. This, Langdon realized to his amazement, was the hub of the worlds most listened-to radio programming Radio Vaticana spreading the word of God to millions of listeners around the globe.Attenzione, the pilot said, turning sharply into a rotary.As the cart wound round, Langdon could barely believe the sight now coming into view. Giardini Vaticani, he thought. The heart of Vatican City. Directly ahead rose the rear of St. Peters Basilica, a view, Langdon realized, most people never saw. To the right loomed the Palace of the Tribunal, the lush papal residence rivaled only by Versailles in its baroque embellishment. The severe-looking Governatorato bu ilding was now behind them, housing Vatican Citys administration. And up ahead on the left, the massive rectangular edifice of the Vatican Museum. Langdon knew there would be no time for a museum visit this trip.Where is everyone? Vittoria asked, surveying the deserted lawns and walkways.The guard checked his black, military-style chronograph an odd anachronism beneath his puffy sleeve. The cardinals are convened in the Sistine Chapel. Conclave begins in a little under an hour.Langdon nodded, vaguely recalling that before conclave the cardinals spent two hours inside the Sistine Chapel in quiet reflection and visitations with their fellow cardinals from around the globe. The time was meant to renew old friendships among the cardinals and facilitate a less heated election process. And the rest of the residents and staff?Banned from the city for secrecy and security until the conclave concludes.And when does it conclude?The guard shrugged. God only knows. The words sounded oddly lite ral.After parking the cart on the wide lawn directly behind St. Peters Basilica, the guard escorted Langdon and Vittoria up a stone escarpment to a marble plaza off the back of the basilica. Crossing the plaza, they approached the rear wall of the basilica and followed it through a angulate courtyard, across Via Belvedere, and into a series of buildings closely huddled together. Langdons art history had taught him enough Italian to pick out signs for the Vatican Printing Office, the Tapestry Restoration Lab, affix Office Management, and the Church of St. Ann. They crossed another small square and arrived at their destination.The Office of the Swiss Guard is housed adjacent to Il Corpo di Vigilanza, directly northeast of St. Peters Basilica. The office is a squat, stone building. On either side of the entrance, like two stone statues, stood a pair of guards.Langdon had to admit, these guards did not look quite so comical. Although they besides wore the blue and gold uniform, each wielded the traditional Vatican long sword an eight-foot spear with a razor-sharp scythe rumored to have decapitated countless Muslims while defend the Christian crusaders in the fifteenth century.As Langdon and Vittoria approached, the two guards stepped forward, crossing their long swords, blocking the entrance. One looked up at the pilot in confusion. I pantaloni, he said, motioning to Vittorias shorts.The pilot waved them off. Il comandante vuole vederli subito.The guards frowned. Reluctantly they stepped aside.Inside, the air was cool. It looked nothing like the administrative security offices Langdon would have imagined. Ornate and impeccably furnished, the hallways contained paintings Langdon was certain any museum worldwide would lief have featured in its main gallery.The pilot pointed down a steep set of stairs. Down, please.Langdon and Vittoria followed the white marble treads as they descended between a metal glove of nude male sculptures. Each statue wore a fig leaf t hat was lighter in color than the rest of the body.The Great Castration, Langdon thought.It was one of the most horrific tragedies in Renaissance art. In 1857, Pope Pius IX decided that the accurate representation of the male form might incite lust inside the Vatican. So he got a chisel and mallet and hacked off the genitalia of every single male statue inside Vatican City. He defaced works by Michelangelo, Bramante, and Bernini. Plaster fig leaves were used to patch the damage. Hundreds of sculptures had been emasculated. Langdon had often wondered if there was a huge crate of stone penises someplace.Here, the guard announced.They reached the bottom of the stairs and dead-ended at a heavy, steel door. The guard typed an door code, and the door slid open. Langdon and Vittoria entered.Beyond the threshold was absolute mayhem.

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

For my paper I interview Brandie Stine. She has lived through many changes in her own family and had some great insight on how our family has changed so much everywhere the past years. When she remarried in 1998, she went from a mother of five, to a mother of eight. She became part of a very big blended family.The adjustment of joining five teenagers (three of us had already moved out), was very hard for her and her husband. Trying to teach teenagers to get together is worse than having a group of 2 year old, telling them you deem to sh ar. They were able to make it through the rough times and now over the past 12 years, she and her husband have become the proud grandparents of 18 grandchildren. Her grandchildren are her new pride and joy, but she has also become a statistic, of a grandparent raising a grandchild. She says it is hard and sad, when one of your own children is not willing or wanting to raise their own child.She has raised Raven for the past five years, becoming her s urrogate mother. She never thought that after raising her own children, she would be in these shoes again raising a small child. While a grandparent raising their grandchildren is not something new, the fact that older grandparents are raising young grandchildren is on the rise. In the nigh recent Census Bureau statistics, 2.4 million of the nations families are maintained by grandparents who have one or more of their grandchildren living with theman increase of 400,000 (19 percent) since 1990.These families comprise 7 percent of all families with children under 18. (U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics, 1997) Some grandparents who have retried have to go keep going to work, just to be able to afford to take care of their grandchildren. The poverty rate is growing with this problem. Brandie said, That when she was growing up you had grandparents in some homes but when you did this was to overhaul take care of them and they would help the parents to raise their children.Ch ildren had respect for their grandparents and knew if they got in trouble with grandma, her punishment could be worse than moms, and then you also had to deal with dad when he got home. If you did not live in the same home as your grandparents, then they werent but a short drive away and you spent most of your weekends with them. My mother has seen too many children being pushed to the side, and left to be taken care of by someone else. This is sad thatwe have allowed our young adults to just puddle their children away and not think twice. When did it become okay for a mother or father to not care about the well being of thither children and allow someone else to raise them?

Discussion Questions

DQ1 Please describe the kinds of evidence that a plaintiff can present in order to establish a negligent act. In a negligence suit, the plaintiff has the burden of proving that the defendant did not act as a just person would have acted under the circumstances. The tribunal will instruct the jury as to the standard of conduct required of the defendant. For example, a defendant sued for negligent campaign is judged according to how a reasonable person would have driven in the selfsame(prenominal) circumstances.A plaintiff has a variety of means of proving that a defendant did not act as the hypothetical reasonable person would have acted. The plaintiff can show that the defendant violated a statute designed to hold dear against the type of injury that occurred to the plaintiff. Also, a plaintiff might introduce expert witnesses, evidence of a customary practice, or circumstantial evidence. DQ2. Research one court elusion addressing Health Care Law that corresponds to the materia l in this seminars reading and write a 1-2 paragraph summary of the case.Please be sure to include the case name in your reference listing and the source of your information. The case that I chose to write on came from our textbook, but I did some additional research online and represent more information on this particular case. The case involves a mother and father who filed a outlawed death suit against their OB/GYNs for the wrongful death of their unborn son. Initially, the court found in favor of the physicians, but after an appeal process to the U. S. Supreme Court of Appeals, they were granted a assessment in their favor. Tara Reese went to the Fort Worth Osteopathic Medical Center emergency room in her seventh month of pregnancy, complaining of a racing pulse and dizziness. Doctors contumacious that she had a high pulse rate and high blood pressure and sent her to the labor and delivery room for further observation. On multiple do through the course of the evening, docto rs monitored the heart tones of the fetus, which were often difficult to detect. The following morning the doctors confirmed that the fetus would be stillborn.Tara and her husband, Donnie Reese, brought suit against Fort Worth Osteopathic Hospital, Osteopathic Family Medicine Clinics, Craig Smith, D. O. , Roberta Beals, D. O. , Reid Culton, D. O. , and tin Chapman, D. O. (health care providers), for negligence, gross negligence, and vicarious liability, seeking damages under the wrongful death and survival statutes and for personal injuries to Tara Reese. The trial court granted summary judicial decision in favor of all health care providers. The Reeses appealed all claims except that against Dr.Chapman. The court of appeals affirmed the summary judgment disposing of Donnie Reeses individual bystander claim, but reversed the residuum of the summary judgment, remanding the case to the trial court. The health care providers petitioned this Court for review, arguing that the court o f appeals incorrectly held that the Reeses could assert wrongful death and survival actions and that Tara Reese could assert her give birth individual claim. Donnie Reese did not appeal the adverse judgment against his individual claim. (Phillips, 2003) Essentially, this case has a lot of grey area that borders on the hot topic of spontaneous abortion and whether a fetus is considered alive and entitled to all the rights before it is born. Another issue I found with this case is that you are going to find the same types of cases across the U. S. with different outcomes depending on the state in which the trial was held. References Phillips, T. U. S. Supreme Court of Appeals, the Second District of Texas. (2003). Reese v. fort worth osteopathic hospital inc. (02-1061). Retrieved from THE SUPREME lawcourt OF TEXAS website http//www. supreme. courts. state. tx. us/historical

Andre Derain

Andre Derain, Mountains at Colioure, 1905-exemplifeis so c solelyed mixed technique. Favism in which short strokes of light color derived fom the work of van goh and Seurat are combine with curvilinear planes of flat color inspired by by gaugunis paintings and are nouvau decorative dodges. The assertive colors, which he likened to sticks of dynamite do not record what he actually saw in the landscape by rather generate their own purely artistic energy as they convey the artists intense mental picture about what he saw. Henri Matisse, The woman with the hat, 1905-Like Derain Matisse was interested in deliberate disharmonies.The painting sparked controversy at the 1905 salon dAutomne. Not because of subject was depicted with tender drawing, sketchy brushwork, and wildly arbitrary colors that create a harsh and dissonant effect. Henri Matisse, Le Bonheur de Vivre(The Joy of Life), 1905-depicts nudes in attitudes close to traditional studio poses, still the landscape is intensely b proper(ip). He defended his aims in 1908 pamphlet called notes of a painter What I am after, above all, is expression, he wrote. In the past, an artist might express feeling thourgh the figure pses or expressions that the characters in the painting had.But now, he wrote, the whole arranfement of my picture is expressive. The place occupies by the figures or objects, the empty spaces around them, the proportions, everything plays a part. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, street, Berlin- predominate the left half of the painting, two prostitutes, advertised by their large feathered hats and fur trimmed coats, strut past well dressed ourgeois men, their potential clients. The figures come to the fore as artificial and dehumanized figures, with masklike faces and stiff gestures.Their bodies crowd together, notwithstanding they are psychotically distant from one another, victims of modern urban alienation. The harsh colors, tilted perspective, and angular lines cross-file Kirchners expression istic response to the subject. Kollwitz, The outbreak-Expressionist* shows the peasants built up fury from years of mistreatment exploding against their oppressors, a lesson in the power of group action. Kollwitz said that she herself was the model for the leader of the revolt, black anna, who raises her turn over to signal the attack.Her arms silhouetted against the sky, and the crowded mass of worker with their farm tools , form a jumbled and chaotic picture of a time of upheaval. Kandinsky, Improvisation No 28-First abstract work*This work retains vestige of the landscape Kandinsky found references to nature the hardest transcend. But the work taes us into a vortex of color, line and shape. If we recognize buildings or mountains or faces in the work, then perhaps we are seing in the old way, looking for corresponences between the painting and the world where none are intended.Rather the artist would throw off us look at the painting as if we were hearing a shmphony, respnding i nsticntivley and spontaneously to this or that passage, and then to the total experience. Kandinsky, The Blue Mountain, 1909- shows two horsemen, rendered in the mien of Russian folk art, before a looming peak in his favorite color. The flatness of the work and the carefully parallel brushstrokes show influence from Gaugin and Cezanne. Many of his whole kit and caboodle feature riders Kandinsky had in mind the horsemen of the Apoclypse who usher in the end of the world before its final transformation at the end of time.Franz Marc, The large blue horses- The animals unite into a homogenous unit, the fluid contours of which reflect the harmony of their collective existence and echo the lines of the hills behind them, suggestion that they are also in harmony with their surroundings. The pure, unshakable colors reflect their uncomplicated yet intense experience of the world as March enviously imagined it. Paul Klee, Hammamet with its mosque-The play between geometric penning and ir regular brush strokes is reminiscent of Cezannes work, which Klee has recently seen.The luminous colors and delicate washes or applications of dilute watercolor, result in a gently shimmering effect The problematic modulations of red across the bottom, especially are positively melodic. Klee who played violin and belonged to a musical family, seems to have wanted to use color the way a musician would use sound, not to describe appearances but to evoke subtle nuances of feeling. Pablo Picasso, Self Portrait, 1901- reveals his unhappiness which reveals his familiarity with cold, hunger and disappointment.In search of a more vital art inviroment, Picasso moves to paris where his circumstances improved. Picasso, Family of saltimbanques, 1905-In this mysterios composition, si figures ihabit a barren lanscape ainted in warm tones of beige and rose sketchily brushed over a blue ground. fin of the figures cluster together in the left two thirds of the picture while the sicth a seather wom an curiously detached, occupies her own space in the lower right. every of the saltimbanques seem psycholically withdrawn and uncommunicative as silent as the emoty andscape they occupy.Picasso, Les Demoisleels dAvogmon, 1907-Iberian influences is seen in the faces of the three leftmost figures, with their simplified features and wise, almond shaped eyes. The faces of the two right handed, painted in a radically different style, were inspired by African art. Given the then condesving attitudes towards primitive cultures. Picassos wholesale adoption and adaptation of their styles for a large multifigured painting , as opposed to a still life or a small genre work. Georges Braqu, houses at LEstaque- Reveals the emergence of ahead of time Cubism.Inspired by Cezannes example, Braque reduced natures many colors to its essential browns and greens and eliminated detail to emphasize basic geometric forms. Arranging the buildings into an appoximate pyramid, he pushed those in the distance adjacent to the foreground, so the viewer looks uop the plane of the canvas more than into. Georges Braque, Violin and Palette, 1909-10-the gradual abstraction of deep space and recognizable subject matter is well on a lower floor way. The still life items are not staged in illusionistic depth but are pushed close to the picture plane in a modify space.Braque knit the various elements together into a single shifting surface of forms and colors. In some areas of the paintings, these formal elements have lost not only their intrinsic spatial relations nut their identities as well. Picasso, Glass and bottle of suze, 1912 Collage , a work composed of separate elements pasted together. At the center, newsprint and wind paper are assembled to suggest a tray or round table supporting a glass and a bottle of liquor with an actual label.Robert Deluanay, motor hotel to Bleriot 1914-pays tribute to the French pilot who in 1909 was the first to fly across the English channel. One of Bler iots early airplane, in the upper right, and the Eiffel tower below it, symbolized scientific and social progress, and the crossing of the channel expressed the hope of a new, unified world without national, antagonisms. The brightly colores circular forms that fill the canvas suggest both the battlefront of the propellar on the left and blazing sun. Fernand Legere, Three women, 1921- Machine age version of the French odalique tradition that dates back to Ingeres.The picture space is shallow and compressed by less radically shattered than analytic cubist works. The women arranged within a geometric grid stare out blankly at us, embodying a quality of classical calm. Legers wome haveidentical faces, and their bodies seem assembled from metal parts. Boccion, Unique forms of continuity in space, 1913-an armless nude figure in full, powerful stride. The contours of the muscular body cream and flow into the surround space, expressing the fgres great velocity and vitatlity as it rushes forward, a stirring symbol of the brave new futurist world.Malevich, The supremist paintng- consists simply of eight red rectangles arranged diagnolly on a white painted ground. Malevich called this art suprematism, short for the supremacy of pure feeling in creative art. Motivated by a pure feeling for plastic values. Brancusi, The New born, 1915-the egg symbolizes the birth or the rebirth and the pontential for growth and development. He say egg shapes as perfect, organic ovals that contain all possible life forms. Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917-A porcelain urinal sour 90 degrees an signed it as mocking J. L mott Iron works.The manufacturer. Marcel Duchamp, L H O O Q, 1919-Marcel bought a postcard of the mona lisa and painted a mustache and a beard on the famous fac, and signed it with his name. he called this piece not a readymade but and assisted readymade. John Sloan, Election Night, 1914-Embodies many of the groups concerns. Theartist went out into street during a postelecti on victory celebration and made a sheaf of quick drawings that he turned into this painting. The work feels like a spontaneous sketch. Sloan was an avid socialist who made illustrations for several leftist magazines in those years.Dove, Nature Symbolized, no. 2-is a remarkable cause of small worksin which the artist made visual equivalents for natural phenomena such as rivers, trees and breezes. Doce rendered nature as from his experience of it. Okeefe, City Night, 1926-dark tonalities, stark forms, and exaggerated perspective may produce a sense of menace or claustrophobia. . The painting seems to reflect okeefs own growing perception of the city as too confinig. Frida Kahlo, The two fridas, 1939-shows an visualize of Kahlo that expresses a split in her identity between Mexican and European.The European frida wear a Victorian dress while the Mexican wears peasant clothing. The race vessel that flows through both fridas hints at the idea that the artist was injured as a teen an the painting shows her inner pain and struggle. Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye France, 1929-House outside of paris is an icon of international style. It is the best expression of his domino construction system. Frand Llyoyd Wright. Frederick C Robie house, Chicago 1906-Organized around a central chimney that marks the hearth as the physical and psychological center of the home. Frand e

Macroeconomic Performance of the Ten Countries Essay

What was Expected from the Governments and Central Banks of These New Entrants?On May 1, 2004, ten Central European and Mediterranean countries jointureed the EU and their names are as fol impoverisheds Czech Re popular, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, and Slovakia. This raised the enlargement to 25 countries that comprise of 450 million people, which is much than the world of the U.S. and Japan combined. 1 This accession leave behind make the new member states governments to utilize the EU legislation without much exception and will enable them to enjoy solely the advantages that go with it, and once they go by dint of and finished a certain period and show improvements, they will be included in Schengen area and the euro z wholeness.In addition, from the year 2004 to 2006 they are entitled to receive a payment of 45 billion euros in a form of a community aid and 30.7 billion euros in a form of payment appropriations. As a result, acco rding to two treaties that were signed in Amsterdam and Nice that were the basis through which the enlargement was conducted, the intent of the whole arrangement was to make the overdone Europe more democratic, transparent, and effective c completelying on all governments to work on these areas.The end result of the enlargement had been labeled as a diachronic precedence that will change the dimensions of the continent and it is believed to put the division of the past substructure ushering in democracy, freedom, and stability to the whole region. At the same time it is believed that it creates opportunities for all involved where the early 15 countrys business share and economical activity had increased, while the new entrants pack likewise reaped economic advantage that was not accessible for them before the assesstion.What had come into existence is a union of 450 million people and had already represented at the time the union was effected one-fourth of the military man wealth, giving the region a new leading economic power. In addition, the role the continent is seeing in the inter countryal scene had gotten enhancement, especially in security and defense policy. 2The new states and their governments that are association the merger will have to adhere to the Copenhagen Criteria and it has three components. The first component is any of the tribes that are connexion the union should reach a certain level of stability and should have establishments that oversee and guarantee democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and the observing of the rights of minorities. Then the second one which is an economic criteria stipulates that the nations adhere to the principle of the market rescue and have a mechanism that enables them to deal with competitive pressure and market forces that will be order at them by and by connecter the EU.What is called acquis communautaire adoption criterion anticipates that the panoramas should put themselves in a po sition to shoulder the memberships obligations, as well as a strict adherence to the principles of the political, economic, and monetary union. Through all this process the Union is responsible for evaluating, recommending, and approving of the states performance and it will evaluate the capacity of the Union to absorb more members without affecting the normal functioning of the existing Union members.The process starts when European countries apply to join the Union and that will be evaluated base on how the applicant nations with the guidance of their respective governments meet the Copenhagen political and economic criteria, and the accession is granted only when the requirements are met. The nations through their governments will have to admit to apply the EU legislation that is over 80,000 pages from day one, even if on that point are a fewer exceptions that will allow the new entrants a leeway as yen as it is not going to intervene with the smooth operation of the activ ities of the sepa vagabond members. When the EU is convinced that the applying nations meet all the requirements of the Copenhagen criteria the next mannikin will kick in, which is the signing of the accession treaty. 3The ten Central European and Mediterranean states, through macroeconomic plans that were introduced and carried out by their respective governments had gone through this process before getting permission to join the Union. And once they joined the Union there are more questions arising because it is difficult to say what money they should be using and as large as they meet the Maastricht criteria they are expected to the join the euro zone by abandoning their own currency.Here the various central banks play a leading role because it is known that it will take them some time to meet the requirements and while working to meet the requirements they will have to steering on their structural and economic reforms so that they will manage to have a better convergence in both nominal and real terms. Since the other requirement before joining the euro is entering the Exchange Rate Mechanism of the European Monetary System, the ERM II will require them to abandon their own monetary policy.It does not necessarily mean this route fits everyone since the rigorous stability requirement applied by the exchange rate could derail the existing stand of their new account, exactly because when there is appreciation in their currency it will affect their competitiveness, because of the high toll they will be forced to charge. The other worry is joining the ERM II should not result in overvaluing their currency whereby they will be obligated to devalue their currency in the two years test period. From what had been witnessed roughly of the nations had an open economy that was heavily reliant on trade with EU countries and if they can eliminate the transaction cost in any way, which would include currency exchange, they will embrace it. 4The final outcome was from the ten countries that joined the Union Slovenia, Lithuania, and Estonia were able to enter the ERM II and were expected to join the euro zone on January 1st, 2007, simply because they had met close of the criteria. But the only nation that managed to join the euro was Slovenia showing that the others did not meet some of the requirements, they need more time to make the ad only ifments, and might be able to join the euro by the year 2008. The other three nations Latvia, Cyprus, and Malta had also joined ERM II and could join the euro in 2008. The remaining members Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland are deemed to endure recollectiveer to better meet the criteria. 5The Macroeconomic Policy These Nations had been Following After Joining the Union.To address this question starting from the Central European nation that just joined the euro zone in January 1, 2007 might shed blithe on the areas that the nation did right while the other two nations Lithuania and Eston ia will have to bear at least up to 2008 to be evaluated if they would meet the requirement of the ERM II. The nation had $17,290 per capita income in 2005, it had a population of two million people, and it was among the most successful convert economies. The nations gross house servant product per capita in 2005 was 81% of the other EU members, which must have helped it to get a high score, since it is the only nation that has much(prenominal) a high percentage.According to the report the prosperity of Slovenia is due to its gradual and consensual approach to reform, which has made it distinguishable from the other nine countries. It has worked hard to resonate this position although lately its competitiveness is eroding. Another area that had lagged was exotic direct investment (FDI) due to the slower pace and the general reluctance to interact with foreign sources resulting the FDI to be 1.2% of gross domestic product between 1997-2005. Even if it had reached once to 7% of GDP it had gone back to .02% of GDP in 2005 and this falling behind is curtailing the advancement the nation could have attained, yet it did not prevent it from joining the euro, simply because the possibility is within reach. 6As far as economic exploitation is concerned the nation has averaged 3.9% it the mentioned period and had managed to fend off macroeconomic im dimensions that were commonplace with the other transitional economies and its tight fiscal and monetary policy had resulted in allowing it to have a turn up balanced budget with a 1.7% budget and 1.1% received deficit, another good performance that was coupled with an enhanced foreign trade.The country also had managed to bring puffiness under control and it had it at a single-digit since 1996. Another advantage the nation had was it had a strong performance where the GDP growth was at 3.9% fueled by a rise in foreign demand. In all this, inflation was under control at 2.5% and that was attained by allowing wage to lag behind productivity growth, by making up for oil price increase by introducing excise tax, and by attaining a stable exchange rate. 7The next nation to look at is Lithuania which was among the three nation that were slated to join the eruo in 2007, but has not made it and looking at its performance might shade light on how it fared. The first glaring difference between the two countries is the per capita income where in Lithuania it was $7,210 in 2005 even if the population in Slovenia was only 1.4 million, whereas the population in Lithuania is 3.4 million. otherwise than that the GDP growth of 7.5% was much higher and it was the fastest growing economy in the region.It also had much more to export, which included refined oil, machinery and equipment, and textile. It is not different than the other countries that are heavily subject on the euro zone for their exports, the average being 60%. The other advantage it had over Slovenia was it had enjoyed a peak GDP growth of 10% in 2003 since it was in a better position to create wage growth by bringing slew unemployment from 17% down to 6% and in doing that it had got help from the EU fund that it was entitled for joining the Union in 2004.At the same time, it had a much better domestic demand that is enabling it to drive its economy. Yet, there is a sign of heating of the economy as there is shortage of workers since they are migrating to the UK and Ireland. After joining ERM II it had shown an impressive commitment to adopt the euro and was able to liberalize its pricing and most of its trades had been directed to the EU zone. The other factors such as privatization had been taken care of to the compass point where all factors of production are in the private hands, and it had also been working in the area of FDI that is seeing a steep increase. If there is another look that is holding it back it could the unparalleled poverty level in the nation and it is at 52% purchasing power parity compared to 81 % enjoyed by Slovenia. And one of the reasons that it did not qualify might be at least 16% of its population lives under the poverty line and poverty is widespread in the rude area where it is considered to be up to 57% of the poor are living. That area might be the reason that contributed to its being held back for a while since all the indicators including health and education are going badly lacking in these regions. 6Estonia that was in the list to join the euro in January 1, 2007 with the other two nations is a relatively smaller country with a population of 1.35 million and its per capita income is $9,100. This nation has fewer natural resources and it depends on trade for the most part. Its main specialty export is telecom. Its GDP growth performance was not bad at 7.5%. The country had been a main gateways for trade between the Soviet Union and the West that is said to have given it some advantage and because of that the education level and the standard of living of the p eople was higher that other member countries.In 2005 its GDP growth had reached 9.8% resulting in the heating up of the economy as the unemployment rate had gone down, while at the same time workers are migrating to the other EU countries. What is driving its economy is the domestic demand that is expanding due to income growth and credit expansion that is also taking export higher. If there is any problem highlighted it is the overheating of the economy and the current account defect that is at 11% of GDP in 2005 and was at 13% in 2004, which would mean this could be one of the reasons why its plan to join the euro in 2007 had been postponed. 8The other three nations slated for 2008 to join the euro are Latvia, Cyprus, and Malta. Latvia has a per capita income of $6,750 and has 2.3 million people where one-third of them are living in the capital city. The nation has few natural resources and is an importer for the most part and the import includes natural gas, oil, and electricity. The source of GDP for 2005 was 23% industry, 73% service, and the remaining 4% was from agriculture.The country had some difficulty adjusting after it left the Soviet Union and the situation was turned roughly by the fiscal discipline the government introduced, where a cap was put to the subsidies enterprises were getting. The governments early liberalization effort had enabled the nation to join WTO in 1999. Overall, the nation had converted itself into a market economy, which enabled it to join the EU in 2004. Market and price liberalization, privatization, restriction on foreign transaction all are in the right perspective and the result had been positive where privatization is almost complete.Other areas overhauled were the legal system, institutions, and the brotherly safety net. The GDP growth had made it to 10.2% in 2005 and the unemployment rate was at 8.7% in the same year. Some of the malice that is affecting the other nations such as low-income level, which was at 47% of the EU average had not spared this nation either. Because of that labor migration had been escalating after joining the Union which is feared to create a problem in the long run while at the same time the population is aging. Because of this there is a fear of overheating and the deficit has reached 12.4% while inflation is at 6%, which has contributed to the holding back of the nation from joining the euro and that might be possible in 2010. 6Cyprus on the other hand has a highly developed nucleotide with a population of 784,000 and with a per capita of $7135. The macroeconomic policy of the government had focused on meeting the requirement of joining the EU. There was oil discovery in the sea south of Cyprus and negotiations had gone underway with the neighboring Egypt how to exploit the finding.The overall market structure is based on a free-market basis and is heavily dependant on the service sector, yet there is lack of investment from government and private sector, while a t the same time the high cost of burden had been scaring business away, and all this had been worsened by the lack of skilled labor. In spite of this handicap, the GDP growth rate had made it to 11.4 in 2004 and yet it is fall behind behind in inveigleing FDI. Even if there is a political problem between the north and south, this particular nation might be among the nations that would join the EU in 2008. 9Malta is also another island with a population of 404,000, which had transformed itself into a freight transshipment and a financial center as well as a tourist destination. In addition, it has some limestone and a better productive labor force than Cyprus where the economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing, and tourism. Its per capita income is much higher than most countries at $20,300 and the unemployment rate for 2006 was at 6.8%. The island has liberalized its market and privatized some government-controlled firms and the possibility that it might join the euro zone is there. 9The other nations Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, are much bigger nations and there is Slovakia also that are slated to join the euro gradually after meeting the criteria, which might prove to be difficult to them because of their size. If we take the case of the Czech Republic, it has a population of 10.2 million and a per capita income of $11,110 making it among the highest income earning countries. After joining the EU in 2004 the process of transforming the economy from centrally planned to a market driven economy is almost complete. There had been a considerable fiscal consolidation, and the inflation is low at 1.8%, while at the same time it had no problem with its balance of payments.Foreign direct investment is 50% of the GDP making it the only nation that enjoys such inflows of investment, yet, in spite of it, it had a high unemployment rate of more than 8% and is persisting, which might have been because of its high population that is not affected much by the migration of labor.The GDP growth for 2005 was 6%, attained mainly through export created through FDI in the automotive sector. The fiscal deficit for 2005 was at 3% whereas the current account deficit fell to 2.3% for 2005. Because of the high unemployment, which is the outcome of unemployed economic performance it might have to stay a bit longer before joining the euro, although the expectation is it will meet the requirement eventually. 10 more(prenominal) or less, the same is applicable to the other three countries Hungary, Poland, Slovakia whose population is 10 million, 38 million, 5.4 million respectively, making Poland the highest populated country among the EU-10 countries. While Hungry had $10,050 per capita income, Poland had $7,110, and Slovakia had $8,130 in 2005. Poland had to deal with structural reforms to consolidate public finance, tackle unemployment and poverty, work on making the nation attractive for business by introducing a more effectual government .The fact that up to seven million people live in poverty does not make it look as a good campaigner for the euro yet and the unemployment rate is the highest at 16%. However, the situation is a bit changing after joining the EU in 2004 and there was a growth of 5.3% in GDP in 2004, which created high consumption level, investment opportunity, and a better exporting level, and eventually it will make it a proper candidate to join the euro as it is working to meet that goal. Its FDI is at 5% of GDP and that is low for such a large country although its inflation rate is low at 2.1% and its current account defect is also under control. 6On the other hand, Hungary is in a much better position since it was able to attract FDI that is enabling it to build a robust private exporting sector. If there is a problem, the budget deficit is at 8% due to higher public spending and tax reduction, which could affect the economy in the long run. Inflation had slowed down to 3.5% for 2005 which was d ue to regulated prices and a decrease on indirect taxes.The unemployment rate stood at 7.2% in 2006. Even if the government had introduced a fiscal consolidation program what might be needed to change the situation is a long term structural reform. Hungary is moving steadily to join the euro gradually, and is better situated than the rest of the countries that are in line to join the euro in the coming years. 6Slovakia is also in a similar situation with the others where it had a 6% GDP growth in 2005 and had unemployment rate of 16.2%. In recent years, especially after joining the EU in 2004 it had undertaken major steps to decentralize its economy. The government had introduced reform in many areas including welfare, pension, health care, labor market, and public finance. Its GDP for 2005 grew by around 6% and inflation was at 2.7%. The fiscal deficit was at 3.3% while the current account deficit had been 7.8% of GDP for 2005 and it had FDI rate 2.7% of GDP. Overall, it is working toward meeting the EUs criteria to join the euro although it is difficult to say when it will meet all the requirements. 6The conclusion is, there are requirements these nations will have to meet and the major ones are to tackle high level of inflation, a budget deficit below 3% of GDP, the public debt has to be at a manageable level, and maintaining a long term low interest rate in parallel to other central banks.If these are in place side by the side with the Maastricht and the Copenhagen pact criteria the time it will take them to join the euro will be shorter. Otherwise, their participation could affect the smooth operation of the whole Union, as well as it will put them at a disadvantage offsetting their whole fiscal and monetary policy. 11REFERENCEThe Union Welcomes Ten New Countries Online. available http//www.delnam.cec.eu.int/OurNewsletter/2004/ECNewsMay04.pdf. march 14, 2007.European sevens Fact Sheet. Online. Available www.europal.europa.eu/facts/2_3_0_en.htm. March 14, 2007.The Challenge of European Economy in 2004. Online. Available www.ecb.int/press/key/date/2004/html/sp040129.en.html. March 14, 2007.Euro in a Wider Circle. Online. Available www.ece.int/press/key/date/2004/html/sp041119.en.html. March 14, 2007.Redefining Europe. Online. Available www.inter-dicpilanry.net/AUD/AUD2/s10.htm. March 14, 2007.World Bank. Online. Available www.worldbank.com (countries). March 14, 2007.ECB Panel Intervention at the Euro Conference. Online. Available www.ecb.int/press/date/2007/html/sp07115_1.en.html. March 14, 2007.Commission Assessment of Estonia Convergence. Online. Availablehttp//ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/about/activities/sgp/country/commass/ee/ass_ee20032004. March 14, 2007.CIA The World Fact Book. Online. Available https//cia.gov (countries). March 14, 2007.Macroeconomic. Online. Available http//www.cerge-ei.cz/pdf/books/pdf_0304/III.pdf. March 14, 2007.The European Union and Its Expanding Economy. Online. Available http//jpn.cec.eu.int.home /speech_en_speech%2009/2005.php. March 14, 2007

Identity In Wide Sargasso Sea English Literature Essay

Family individuality is besides greatly involved in this novel. For illustration, Mr. Rochester origins from a rich sign of the zodiac, but he did non inherited the belongings from his male leaven possibly because of the belongings was inherited by his senior siblings. He come to Granbois to seek his ain luck, his matrimony with Antoinette was arranged by his male pargonnt and Richard stonemason, so that he will acquire the 30 thousand lbs from Antoinette which she inherited from Mr. Mason. His male parent purpose was to do certain that the Rochester household will hold super position where most of the household are rich. As for Antoinette, she have both first name which is Mason and Cosway because her female parent married two times. Mr. Mason is a rich braggy male where he has a boy, Richard, regular(a) though Antoinette is non Mr. Mason ain girl but he liked her and invest her half of his belongings but Richard are non satisfied with his male parent determination because he thinks that the rumor from Antoinette s household will dishonor his household name, so he make up ones mind to take away Antoinette belongings.Beside of cultural individuality, Antoinette and Rochester besides have the cultural individuality. For illustration, they have the similar instruction ass land which they are taught to in Christian, they were taught to read book and live in an white s work forces manner where they learn to dance and imbibe vino, this shows that they patterns the very same civilization. Although Antoinette patterns some of the white s work forces civilization but she besides patterns the civilization from Caribbean which is largely believe by the black muckle. For illustration, Antoinette believed in obi, Caribbean flesh of the faith Voodoo, some sort of superstitious because Christophine, Antoinette s alternate female parent present her to the Caribbean civilization and to obeah. This can be proven when Antoinette ask Christophine to do love potion for her, so that Rochester will love her. Besides Antoinette besides likes to bath in the natural bathing pool merely like the other tidy sum live in Granbois but Richard are non utilize to these because to him those things looks like in dream he is afraid of that, he do non desire to acquire used to this state of affairs, he feels that England is his topographic point, their matrimony have causes civilization mismatch which leads to a calamity.2. How does the writer of the prescribed text nowadays the thought that being at odds with society s values involves hazard but following with those values can besides be harmful?There are two society involved in Wide Sargasso Sea which is Caribbean s society and Western s society. Different society will hold distinct values, for illustration the Western s society rent more facets in civilize people, wealth, position and spiritual life but the Caribbean society s wage more facets in hatred, retaliation and justness.The writer prescribe it by utilizing Annette as an illustration. Annette as a color individual and patterns the really same civilization of Caribbean people but she is married to a white adult male and he is a slave proprietor, when Annette married him, she is taking hazard which is really important because of the bondage job, most of the black people hates the white people and there comes some chitchat from the people at Coulibri, Mr. Cosway estate stating that the adult male she married is as well old for her and so when Mr. Cosway died, Annette and her household were discriminated by the other people for 5 old ages until she is married once more. The Caribbean society s disfavour white people for they treaten them, so they will detest their people marry white people and this is the hazard Annette is taking, she knew that this will be the effects when she is married to a white adult male. However, Annette did non follow with the Caribbean society s values because she knows that it will non make any good, when she is married to Mr. Cosway, she understand the white people better and therefore leads her to an more open-minded individual. I besides thinks that she does non wants her kid comply with those values at that specific clip, enviousness, hatred and vindictive.When Annette married to Mr. Mason, her 2nd matrimony, she makes the colored people live around Coulibri even hates her and as the effects, they burn Annette house and Pierre is dead, a greatly risk so.As for the Western s values, we can see it in the Mason and Rochester households. To them monied symbollise their position, Mr. Rochester father wants him to happen his ain luck and this significantly shows that wealthy to them is their position. Rochester prove that this is their society values when he wants to get married Antoinette for her money and the money are given to him without any inquiry. We can besides see this value in Richard Mason, he do non wants his step-sister to hold the same position as him and so he deci ded to set up a matrimony for her so that her money will give to person else. The western s society besides infer a individualfrom their apparels, the manner of speech production and manners. For illustration, Mr. Rochester dislike Christophine for a few ground. Christophine spoke in a linguistic communication that Mr. Rochester dislike, Christophine describe that the jaundiced tea drinks by the English work forces as xanthous Equus caballus urine and the frock she is have oning which is soiled makes Rochester thinks that is non a clean wont. Christophine knows that the immature maestro, Mr. Rochester dislike her, she knows that she will neer follow with the Western s values and so she left the house because she besides knew that Rochester will trail her house at last. rase though her action did non harm herself but she did non believe of the effects when she left Antoinette and Antoinette was the 1 who are harmed.

Ancient Polytheistic Religion Compared to Judaism

past polytheistic religion compared to Judaism Ancient polytheistic and Judaism are two of the most opposite beliefs possible. Polytheistic belief is the belief in to a biger extent than just whizz god. Polytheism was brought to this world by the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Greeks. The Greek gods often took on the mannequin of beingness kinds while the Egyptian gods were the main cornerstone to their beliefs and religion. Judaism or the belief of Monotheism is the belief in one main god. Monotheism we brought to the world by the Jewish culture. It was originated from the Hebrew bible and is one of the oldest religions still vivacious today.Judaism was a monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical ideas embodied mainly in the Torah and the Talmud. The Torah and the Talmud are partition of the sacred book of the Jews which is the bible. The low civilization appeared to have arisen in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was founded by a group of lot called th e Sumerians during the fourth millennium B. C. E. It lies in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. The Sumerians and their successors were polytheistic which means they worshiped many gods and goddesses. Their divinity fudges and Goddesses were visualized in human form, with human needs and weaknesses.The Mesopotamians weighd that the human race was created to serve the gods. The Mesopotamian temples were run resembling great households where the gods were fed fantastic meals, socialize with music, and honored with ritual. The Mesopotamians had a very gloomy picture of the afterworld. They were confined to a dusty dark netherworld, deuced with hunger and thirst unless someone offered them food or drink. There was no reward in being religious because everyone was in equal misery. Religion toured a huge part in the writings and art of Mesopotamia.Poems were told of the deeds of the gods, like how the world was created. Also poems were told of the great hero king Gilgamesh, who tried to bring out death by going on a journey to find the sole survivor of the great flood. The religious architecture was in the form of temples in the cities. As the Mesopotamian civilization locomote up in the valley of Tigris and Euphrates, the Egyptian civilization was centered on the Nile River. The Egyptians were also a polytheistic religion, in that they believed in many gods. Egyptian Gods have human bodies, with human or animal heads, and wear crowns or thorns.Egyptian Gods were gods of incompatible things such as the sky, sun, earth, and music. The Egyptians worship took place at small shrines they left offerings to the chosen gods as salutary as simple prayers. The Egyptians believed that there afterlife was full of dangers, but those dangers could be overcame by magical spells in the Book of the Dead. Also the Egyptians believed in the preservation of the body and that it was essential for the afterlife. The Hittites were an Indo-European, speaking a language that was appe rtaind to the Greek and Sanskrit.The Hittites adopted Mesopotamian writing along with many other(a) aspects of the Mesopotamian culture, including polytheism. The discovery of iron was found in the Hittites region, somewhat before the creation of their kingdom. The discovery led to the making of iron weapons and tools rather than copper ones. The baring of the iron led to the beginning of the Iron Age. Other ancient societies that were polytheistic were the Persians, and the Assyrians. The Israelites possessed little mundane power or wealth, but they created a powerful religion, known as Judaism which is a form of monotheism.Judaism was the first and the longest lasting form of monotheism in a world of polytheism. Judaism is a part of two other religions that have played a big role in the history of the world, Christianity and Islam. Monotheism is the belief in one universal god, who was the creator and ruler of the universe. The Jewish God is neither a natural force nor like hum an beings, or any other kind of creature he is so elevated that those who believe in him may not picture him in any form. I personally take up relate to Judaism and believing in one single god because I practice the religion of Christianity.I believe the language of the bible and how God is said to have created all forms of life and all things. I grew up in a religious family where we attended masses weekly on Sunday mornings and prayed before and after our meals. I believe that the religion you have been raised up into plays a huge role on your worldview that you best identify with. Along with your family I also believe its your own personal ethics that play a role in your worldview of religion. Your ethics are based on what you believe is right or wrong.In my religion of being a Catholic, I believe that God created all things and sent Adam and even to represent him in man form. I also believe that Jesus Christ died on the cross, rose to heaven and then came back to earth for hum an salvation and to save us from sin. The reason I dont believe in Polytheism is because I find it hard to believe that there would be gods for many different parts of our world. I also think that if a God is suppose to be worshipped and treated like an all-mighty that there should only be one person or God treated with the most significant amount of respect.

Economic Impact of Deer and Wildlife Hunting Essay

catch is maculation of faunas in the scrub either for meat and separate animal products or as a re beingal activity Hunting is a very old profession dating choke to millions of age back when military man solely depended on search and gathering for provision of and early(a) animal products. Animals hunted in a particular region depended on several factors much(prenominal) as availability, purpose, size of the animal, technology, environment among others. extensive lands of Texas provide good habitat for unalike species of animal to fail. The most common animals argon cervid, h atomic number 18, kangaroo among others.Hunting is liquid a popular activity in most parts of the world attracting million of hunters who either hold up a chance in to it as an economic activity or as merrimentsmen and women. With advancement of technology track down techniques bring forth remedyd as hunters, together with using the old age skills, modern equipment such as binoculars com e in handy making this activity to a greater extent fun and productive. Dog as hunt club tool is still much in example though not into greater extent as it was used in olden solar days due to restriction by laws in just about states. the Statesn hunters just like their early counterparts us this animal in their quest to take home a trophy.Current Ameri mass hunters spend on annual basis whooping 700 million dollars to buy search dogs display that mans best friend just as it was important in early day it is still a valuable companion to man in his quest to conquer the furnish. Bows and arrow stand been modified to suit the modern epochs becoming ace of the best hunting equipment for those who would like to squirm their muscles. Deer hunting is an old time activity which dates back to 7000B. C. when people in North east America largely relied on deer meat nuts and grain for subsistence.Hunting was then a major economic activity a position it still occupies hitherto though i ts importance has been curtailed by modernization. There argon several kinds of deer that atomic number 18 hunted in different parts of the world. They allow in white-tailed deer, mule deer, reindeer too drive inn as caribou which is very common in Alaska, chinesewater deer among others. Hunting is a big time business pumping billions of dollars in to United States of America economy. Its effect is matte in the central business district of New York to the small hamlet in Alabama.Its benefits enjoyed by a toddler who is crawling in the backstreets of Oklahoma City and a war veteran enjoying his sunset years looking after his herd of bulls in Texas. Hunting generated billions ripple effect is felt by the grocer in Mississippi to a chain hotel owner in Los Angeles. These billions are derived from various activities directly or indirectly related to hunting . From Texas to pennsylavania, Illnois, Kansas, Missouri, Wisconsin, Newyork, Kentucky, Alabama, Minnesota among other states hunting is a household name which cut crosswise races, ages and companionable classes. jillion of hunters pound on animals in the bush in different parts of America taking home their catch and on the other hand spend a for striving helping in way to drive the United States economy. Hunting is a multi billion industry whose economic squeeze in state economies put up not be under estimated. It has an immense impact that is almost alike(p) to soft drink manufacturers Pepsi and Coca cola companies contribution to the United State economy in footing of employment opportunities, tax generated among other benefits (Hammitt, W. E. ,et al,1990).This industry attracts people from all walks of lives different cultures and races. People from all g all overnmental social classes harmoniously pursue the same game in the bush . There are no limitations making hunting one of the most liked activity where business are pleasure dower a sentence. Hunting is such a popular activity where people from the majority ages are obscure allowing even the young to participate towards dry land construct. Children as young as 16 years are considered old decent to engage in this enjoyable activity. There are estimated 40 million hunters countrywide. These hunters are both sportsmen and hunters for the sake of hunting.These hunters spent a fortune, for example in 2006 hunter spent a whooping 75 billion dollars and support close to 2 million jobs in the entire United States. These types of figures can nevertheless be ignored by any state at its own peril. They are types of figures that would make a state governor to urgently call for a stakeholders meeting to map up ways of improve hunting as industry. They are enough to finance annual budgets of some(prenominal)(prenominal) of third world countries, enough to stand thousands of soldiers currently serving in overseas mission and many other government expenses that go along in putting United States in the limelight.For hunter to successfully venture in the bush there are dozen of equipments required to help them accomplish their mission. These equipments include boots, coumaflage jackets, hunting knives, binoculars, bows, arrows, rifles, spotting scopes e. t. c Going by the numbers in 2006 it means retailers stocking the above equipment made billions in terms of gross revenue of hunters gear. Manufacturers and distributors of these hunting gears are battend of interrupted growth of their business due to increasing demand of their ware.According to a report from the International Association of Fishing and wildlife agencies in 2001 total retail sales generated were in tune of over 10 billions dollars. From these figures it is evident that hunting as an industry not only guarantees income to manufacturers and distributors of these equipments but also puts bread and butter on the tables of their employees therefore putting million of Americans in the payroll ensuring household incomes are raised, increasing the purchasing power of millions of Americans whose spend on holidays, education, healthcare and many other needs distributing hunters scraping to all sectors of the economy.Among the industries that benefit from hunting of deer and big game are tourism, manufacturing, agriculture, tansport, and the list is endless (http//woolley fleeting. com/Articles/economics. html). Hunting contributes enormously to the growth of tourism industry industry. Hotels in different parts of United States are at one time fully booked especially during hunting seasons. Since hunters fail to town which are furthest away from their areas of residence accommodation comes in hand. Hunting is an activity that can take days so the hunters leave prepared to spend some nights away, its like a get away experience.Those who take it as sporting activity take some days away from their busy schedules to replenish their faculty and relax . They come back rejuvenated meaning they put more energy in their nation b uilding after a get away enjoying their favorite sporting activity-hunting. During their hunting expeditions hunters spend several days in hotel, this signifies a boom for hoteliers, their revenue cut, as multiplier effect farmers supplying these hotels are ensured of a ready market of their produce, hotel employees are sure to receive their paychecks while other suppliers to these hotels are guaranteed of orders (Adams, J. 000).There are other hunters who chose to make their own arrangement, they rely on Travel Company utilizing the services of agents who organize their travel arrangement. Tour guide come in handy as hunters need all the nitty gritty on hunting Transport industry also takes a share from this bush activity. Its share comes from different activities. Million of hunters travel to different areas meaning fuel consumption rises. Gas stations benefit from hunters who pass by their business premises to refill their tanks on their way for a hunting expedition.Automobiles sales also shoot as hunters require specialized vehicles during their mission making vehicle dealers smile all the way to the bevel (Brown, P. J et al,1982). Those who chose to use public means of transport and tour companies also oil the pockets of transporters as they leveraging plane, bus and train tickets to enable them travel to various destination. Hunters dollars contributes towards growth of automobile industry.Those who can afford charter planes to various ranches in states like Nevada and New Hampshire Aeroplane owners charge some fees for hiring these aircrafts and use some of it to pay their employees who on the other hand spend their salaries and wages to buy food and other necessities creating a ripple effect in the economy. Federal and state tax agencies are other beneficiaries of hunting loot. For one to be allowed to hunt its a requirement to obtain a hunting license. distinct states charge a fee to issue this document .Every year millions of hunters apply for th is license remunerative a handsome amount to tax agencies. Manufactures of hunting gears pay excise duty and other forms of taxes to the agencies. Employees of these companies pay income taxes to state tax agencies as is mandatory to honor tax obligations. All other businesses and individuals who deal with merchandise or services which are directly indirectly related to hunting pay one or more form of tax to their governments. Governments use this revenue to finance their activities.It finances construction of highways, brigdes, railway lines airports and other type of infrastructure which not only benefit the hunters but all-Americans citizens at large (Adams, J. 2000). It is estimated that government collects on average 2. 5 billion dollars annually in form of taxes generated from hunting related activities.. Millions of jobs are created in this multi billion dollars industry either directly or indirectly. In the year 2006 alone hunting supported close to 2 million jobs in differ ent economic sector.This industry capacity to put Americans in the payrolls of different companies can not be underestimated. It surpasses many other formal industries known for job creation in American economy. Almost all states in United States of America thousands of Americans receive their pay checks financed by hunting either directly or indirectly Personnel employed include guides, accountants, hoteliers, sales people, agents, managers, coaches and many others This is an immense contribution coming from an industry that is not considered mainstream.It has a capacity to put many Americans in job just like manufacturing firms in Atlanta (Duffield, J. and C. Neher, 1990). Hunting as sporting activity provides a act for people to exercise and flex their muscles. This ensures that this lot is physically fit . It provides a good moment to relax body and soul. This form of relaxation is vital for the nation. This may sound farfetched but on average people who engage in some body wor k up lure a healthy life which means they are highly productive in economics terms.On one side a healthy nation means government spends less to finance the healthcare, instead channeling the cash in hand to other sectors such education and conservation of environment. On the other hand a healthy nation is highly productive meaning workers will spend maximum time generating income for their employers rather than spending time off duty either in hospital bed or at home recuperating from some ailment or conditions which can avoided if they engaged their body in exercises which hunting as a sport provide.Hunting also provides golden chance for the families to get away from their daily bustle and enjoy graceful moments in ranches in far away places. This provides a good opportunity for family and friends to bond add to social cohesion . this creates harmony in a family and society at large minimizing conflict (http//www. sdgfp. info/wildlife/political economy/Huntingeconomics. htm ). This may not be quantified in monetary effect but it has a far reaching effect than any money can buy.Families which spend quality time together will clear stripped-down conflict meaning children will be raised in an upright way contributing towards incoming progress of United States where on the other hand chances of disarticulate will be minimal meaning family will save for future investments instead of spending huge chunks of money filling for divorce and paying attorney fees. Hunting has stood the test of time it has survived for many years beating all the odds. As many sectors of economy are affected by various events hunting beats them it has survived recession wars and other calamities.This means that billions will still be made whether Americans are fighting in the Middle eastward or feeling the effects of September the 11th . Hunters will still venture in to the bush during these bad times to get away from hustle and bustle of life The ability of hunting to survive i n all these years despite many problems that man has encountered shows that its future is still bright. It survived agrarian innovation and much later industrial revolution left it not bruised (Adams, J. 2000).Animal rights activists may argue that some species of animals are threatened with extinction but nature has a way of taking care of that in fact some types of deer are overpopulated making government look for ways to reduce their population. And what a better way than encouraging people who enjoying engaging in an activity that checks the population of the species. In middle western states deer and other game animals have been blame for most automobiles accidents along the highways so hunters do a good job when they take away an animal life ensuring the survival of that American who is over speeding on his way home.Since the population of deer and other animal is not in such big threat million of hunter will continue to venture in to the bush and doing what they know best e nsuring that transport industry stays afloat ,children education will be financed and highways will be constructed. From the figures presented and statistics shown hunting benefits to the United States economy has just started, more is to on the way, advertising mogul would say Americans lookout man this space .Since hunting is a regulated activity, this means there are rules governing this activity to ensure there is discipline and order, more Americans who like engaging in legal activity will get hitched with in either to earn a livelihood from selling game meat and other animal products or to enjoy a sporting activity that has far reaching health benefits than one can ever imagine. The number of hunters will only rise to new high level leading to more manufacturers coming in to make hunting gear to meet the soaring demand ,more hotels come up to accommodate the higher number of hunters coming in to enjoy the lootGovernment has been the biggest beneficiary of the monies generate d finished the hunting activities. This is through the revenue collected, number of Americans supported by this industry and many other benefits. It really realizes what can happen if hunting goes to the woods its revenue will be reduced, unemployment rates will rise some business will collapse and many other ugly effects that can lead to collapse of some of states economies.Through this backdrop it goes without saying that the government would do everything possible to ensure that the hunting industry boom is not curtailed. Though this industry does not need any government intervention, it is neat to imagine that government can do everything possible to ensure that hunting industry is recognized as one of the sectors that drives the economy (Duffield, J. and C. Neher. 1990) All those people who benefit from the hunting dollars are advocates of this industry, their voices can drown the noises of the so called animal rights activist.Hunters are responsible people as they make sure they pay taxes which government uses to finance the conservation of environment and educating the masses on the importance of taking care of the environment to ensure man and animals live in a clean environment There are big ranches in different parts of American that entirely depends on hunting . Strict rules are observed to ensure the future of animals is guaranteed. For example different modes of protection of animals from illegal poaching are employed, this involves putting in place security measure measure that discourage poaching and other illegal activities.Closed hunting is employed restricting hunting of some animals at given period to allow breeding therefore ensuring survival of these species. Protection of deer and other animals from indiscriminate killing signifies that controlled or regulated hunting will survive many coevals to come therefore future of hunting industry is not only bright but illumination in the current generation and will illuminate the future econ omy of this great nation. Great leaders like George Washington embraced hunting as away of life therefore where our forefather have acquire nothing can pull us back (Duffield, J. and C. Neher. 1990)