Scarlett Letter Essay -- essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a tale set around the lives puritan slew, and how a women branded by them learns to live with their hypocrisy. The story strikes many points about Hesters inner struggles, her relationship with her daughter Pearl, and how to except herself, but one of the great focuses does not lie within her, but with the Puritans themselves. What I speak of is how Hawthorne criticizes the Puritan people on their hypocrisy. Specifically, by use of the Scarlet Letter. Throughout the book on that point are many instances were Hawthorne trys the Puritans hypocrisy with the Scarlet Letter, which shows how intense his loathing is for them. May it be Hesters letter, Dimmesdales, or Pearls letter, Hawthorne finds a way to relate them. More than anyone, the people that criticize the letter the most is not Chillingworth, nor even Hester, but the towns people. Because the town is completely Puritan one would think they would be somewhat forgiving. Despite th is though, they show there hypocriticalness through many chapters in the book, even as early as the second chapter. In the market place scene one behind immediately see the extreme despise of the Puritans towards Hesters letter. as for the red letter which she hath stitched so curiously, Ill bestow a rag of tap own rheumatic flannel, to make a fitter one Spoken by an old dame, this is only one of many negative comments made by some of the Puritans. Yet as expected, the...

Creative Writing – Life in the City

The day in the metropolis is starting Claustrophobia. Frustration. Overcrowded. C moveing. Swarming. Cacophonous. Obstreperous. Clamorous. Vociferous.The gloomy grey flip-flop, with its heavy nimbostratus clouds, blocking all of the suns rays from reaching the Earth. The smoke from the industrial factories polluting the ambiance and smelling like a failed chemical experiment. The fridge-like coldness of the winter air freezing your face.Claustrophobia on the s manoeuvrets commuters, shooting menacing glares at each other, attempt to rush to work. They fight their way past each other, determined to do anything they can to get to their destination. One businessman, dressed in a shirt and tie and clutching a black leather briefcase, is shoved back as the current of the swarm of people against him is too strong. The towering skyscrapers looking down at the strugglers in battle.Across the road, the god-awful cacophony of cars blaring their horns is heard above everything else. Frustrat ed drivers, already late for work, bellowing at the ever-changing traffic imperfects and wide lorries blocking half of the road. The beat skyscrapers watch over the events their roofs almost brushing the heavens. Hectic life in the city goes on and on, and feels as though it go out neer end, that the commuters will never stop fighting their way into work, that the car drivers will never stop cursing at the traffic, that the city will never be empty dark time in the city. Empty. Deserted. Silent. In the charcoal black sky, the effulgent crescent moon, the glistening stars forming illuminating constellations, the flickering lights of a plane that glides through a sky like a hawk.Descending to the Earth, we observe the city in its now desolate state. Looking through a dimly lit, litter strewn alley, a unsettled man crouches defensively, ready to go to sleep for the night. His scruffy, short, light brown hair covered with a worn out, chequered hat. His torn, tatty shirt and his tro users covered with holes both sizes too small for him. A few meters away, a rat scuttles over to the litter, scavenging around for food.Turning into the car park, we see that the once overflowing place expert of resting vehicles of every size and shape, now contains nothing but the dormant parking meter that patrols the area. Standing on one leg and lining up in a straight row like soldiers, the street lights provide the only source of illumination, their one eye emitting a golden beam of shining light down on the dusty, cracked pavement below.Through the city park, the sea of trees is seen swaying gently in the whispering wind. Rippling reflections of the stars are shown in the peaceful pond. The vastest tree of the park comes into view with its narrow finger-like branches reaching skywards and brushing the heavens its gnarled bark and broad trunk radiating infinite wisdom.The silent, harmonious noises of the city now amplified. The ticking of the clock tower, the rustle of the au tumn leaves being softly blown down the road by the wind, the high pitched creaking of the constrict gates to the car park.Soon the silent, tranquil city will be once again transformed into the blaring, claustrophobic city, and life in the city will start again.

Angels Demons Chapter 32-35

32Langdon held his breath as the X-33 spiraled into Romes Leonardo da Vinci International Airport. Vittoria sat across from him, eyes closed as if trying to go away the situation into control. The craft touched down and taxied to a private hangar.Sorry for the slow flight, the pilot apologized, emerging from the cockpit. Had to trim her back. Noise regulations over populated areas.Langdon analyse his watch. They had been airborne thirty-seven minutes.The pilot popped the outer door. Anybody want to tell me whats going on?Neither Vittoria nor Langdon responded.Fine, he said, stretching. Ill be in the cockpit with the air-conditioning and my music. Just me and Garth.The late-afternoon sun blazed removed the hangar. Langdon carried his tweed jacket over his shoulder. Vittoria sullen her face up and inhaled deeply, as if the suns rays somehow transferred to her some mystical replenishing energy.Mediterraneans, Langdon m utilize, already sweating.Little old for cartoons, arent you? V ittoria asked, without opening her eyes.Im mordant?Your wristwatch. I saw it on the plane.Langdon flushed slightly. He was accustomed to having to defend his timepiece. The collectors edition Mickey Mouse watch had been a childhood gift from his parents. disdain the contorted foolishness of Mickeys outstretched arms designating the hour, it was the only watch Langdon had ever worn. Waterproof and glow-in-the-dark, it was perfect for swimming laps or walking unlit college paths at night. When Langdons students questioned his style sense, he told them he wore Mickey as a daily reminder to stay young at meaning.Its six oclock, he said.Vittoria nodded, eyes still closed. I think our rides here.Langdon heard the distant whine, looked up, and felt a sinking feeling. Approaching from the north was a eggbeater, slicing low across the runway. Langdon had been on a helicopter once in the Andean Palpa Valley looking at at the Nazca sand drawings and had non enjoyed it one bit. A flying s hoebox. afterward a morning of station plane rides, Langdon had hoped the Vatican would send a car.Apparently not.The chopper slowed overhead, hovered a mo workforcet, and dropped toward the runway in front of them. The craft was white and carried a coat of arms emblazoned on the side two skeleton keys crossing a shield and papal crown. He knew the symbol well. It was the traditional seal of the Vatican the holy symbol of the Holy perk or holy seat of government, the seat being literally the ancient throne of St. Peter.The Holy Chopper, Langdon groaned, watching the craft land. Hed forgotten the Vatican owned one of these things, employ for transporting the Pope to the airport, to meetings, or to his summer palace in Gandolfo. Langdon definitely would have preferred a car.The pilot jumped from the cockpit and strode toward them across the tarmac.Now it was Vittoria who looked uneasy. Thats our pilot?Langdon shared her concern. To fly, or not to fly. That is the question.The p ilot looked corresponding he was festooned for a Shakespearean melodrama. His puffy tunic was vertically striped in brilliant blue and gold. He wore coordinated pantaloons and spats. On his feet were black flats that looked care slippers. On top of it all, he wore a black felt beret.Traditional Swiss Guard uniforms, Langdon explained. Designed by Michelangelo himself. As the man drew closer, Langdon winced. I admit, not one of Michelangelos better efforts.Despite the mans garish attire, Langdon could tell the pilot meant business. He moved toward them with all the rigidity and gravitas of a U.S. Marine. Langdon had read many times about the rigorous requirements for becoming one of the elite Swiss Guard. Recruited from one of Switzerlands four Catholic cantons, applicants had to be Swiss males between nineteen and thirty years old, at least 5 feet 6 inches, trained by the Swiss Army, and unmarried. This imperial corps was envied by human governments as the most allegiant and de adly security force in the world.You are from CERN? the guard asked, arriving forwards them. His voice was steely.Yes, sir, Langdon replied.You made remarkable time, he said, enceinte the X-33 a mystified stare. He glum to Vittoria. Maam, do you have any other clothing?I beg your pardon?He motioned to her legs. Short underdrawers are not permitted inside Vatican city.Langdon glanced down at Vittorias legs and frowned. He had forgotten. Vatican City had a strict ban on visible legs above the knee two male and female. The regulation was a way of showing respect for the sanctity of beau ideals city.This is all I have, she said. We came in a hurry.The guard nodded, clearly displeased. He turned next to Langdon. Are you carrying any weapons?Weapons? Langdon thought. Im not even carrying a change of underwear He shook his head.The tycoonr crouched at Langdons feet and began patting him down, starting at his socks. rely guy, Langdon thought. The guards strong hands moved up Langd ons legs, coming uncomfortably close to his groin. Finally they moved up to his chest and shoulders. Apparently content Langdon was clean, the guard turned to Vittoria. He ran his eyes up her legs and torso.Vittoria glared. Dont even think about it.The guard fixed Vittoria with a gaze clearly intended to intimidate. Vittoria did not flinch.Whats that? the guard said, pointing to a faint square bulge in the front pocket of her shorts.Vittoria removed an ultrathin cell phone. The guard took it, clicked it on, waited for a dial tone, and whence, apparently satisfied that it was indeed cipher more than a phone, returned it to her. Vittoria slid it back into her pocket.Turn some, please, the guard said.Vittoria obliged, holding her arms out and rotating a full 360 degrees.The guard carefully studied her. Langdon had already resolute that Vittorias form-fitting shorts and blouse were not bulging anywhere they shouldnt have been. Apparently the guard came to the same conclusion.Thank y ou. This way please.The Swiss Guard chopper churned in indifferent(p) as Langdon and Vittoria approached. Vittoria boarded first, comparable a seasoned pro, barely even bend as she passed beneath the whirling rotors. Langdon held back a moment.No chance of a car? he yelled, half-joking to the Swiss Guard, who was climbing in the pilots seat.The man did not answer.Langdon knew that with Romes maniacal drivers, flying was probably safer anyway. He took a deep breath and boarded, stooping cautiously as he passed beneath the spinning rotors.As the guard fired up the engines, Vittoria called out, Have you located the canister?The guard glanced over his shoulder, looking confused. The what?The canister. You called CERN about a canister?The man shrugged. No idea what youre talking about. Weve been very busy today. My commander told me to pick you up. Thats all I know.Vittoria gave Langdon an unsettled look. heave up, please, the pilot said as the engine revved.Langdon reached for his s eat belt and strapped himself in. The tiny fuselage seemed to shrink around him. Then with a roar, the craft shot up and banked precipitously north toward Rome.Rome the caput mundi, where Caesar once ruled, where St. Peter was crucified. The cradle of modern civilization. And at its core a ticking bomb.33Rome from the air is a labyrinth an indecipherable maze of ancient roadways winding around buildings, fountains, and crumbling ruins.The Vatican chopper stayed low in the sky as it sliced northwest through the unchangeable smog layer coughed up by the congestion below. Langdon gazed down at the mopeds, sight-seeing buses, and armies of miniature Fiat sedans buzzing around rotaries in all directions. Koyaanisqatsi, he thought, recalling the Hopi terminus for life out of balance.Vittoria sat in silent determination in the seat beside him.The chopper banked hard.His stomach dropping, Langdon gazed farther into the distance. His eyes found the crumbling ruins of the Roman Coliseum. T he Coliseum, Langdon had forever thought, was one of historys greatest ironies. Now a dignified symbol for the rise of human culture and civilization, the stadium had been built to host centuries of barbaric events hungry lions shredding prisoners, armies of slaves battling to the finish, halo rapes of exotic women captured from far-off lands, as well as public beheadings and castrations. It was ironic, Langdon thought, or perhaps fitting, that the Coliseum had served as the architectural blueprint for Harvards Soldier Field the football stadium where the ancient traditions of savagery were reenacted every fall crazed fans screaming for bloodshed as Harvard battled Yale.As the chopper headed north, Langdon spied the Roman Forum the heart of pre-Christian Rome. The decaying columns looked like toppled gravestones in a cemetery that had somehow avoided being swallowed by the metropolis surrounding it.To the west the wide basin of the Tiber River wound enormous arcs across the ci ty. thus far from the air Langdon could tell the water was deep. The churning currents were brown, filled with silt and foam from heavy rains.Straight ahead, the pilot said, climbing higher. Langdon and Vittoria looked out and saw it. Like a mountain parting the morning fog, the colossal dome rose out of the haze before them St. Peters Basilica.Now that, Langdon said to Vittoria, is something Michelangelo got right.Langdon had never seen St. Peters from the air. The marble faade blazed like fire in the afternoon sun. Adorned with 140 statues of saints, martyrs, and angels, the Herculean edifice stretched two football fields wide and a staggering six long. The cavernous interior of the basilica had room for over 60,000 worshipers over one hundred times the population of Vatican City, the smallest country in the world.Incredibly, though, not even a fortification of this magnitude could dwarf the piazza before it. A sprawling expanse of granite, St. Peters Square was a staggering op en space in the congestion of Rome, like a classical Central Park. In front of the basilica, bordering the vast oval common, 284 columns swept outward in four concentric arcs of diminishing size an architectural trompe de loiel used to heighten the piazzas sense of grandeur.As he stared at the magnificent shrine before him, Langdon wondered what St. Peter would think if he were here now. The Saint had died a gruesome death, crucified upside down on this very spot. Now he rested in the most sacred of tombs, buried five stories down, directly beneath the central cupola of the basilica.Vatican City, the pilot said, sounding anything but welcoming.Langdon looked out at the towering stone bastions that loomed ahead impenetrable fortifications surrounding the complex a strangely secular defense for a spiritual world of secrets, world-beater, and mystery.Look Vittoria said suddenly, grabbing Langdons arm. She motioned frantically downward toward St. Peters Square directly beneath them. Langdon put his face to the window and looked. over there, she said, pointing.Langdon looked. The rear of the piazza looked like a parking lot crowded with a dozen or so trailer trucks. Huge satellite dishes pointed skyward from the roof of every truck. The dishes were emblazoned with familiar namesTelevisor EuropeaVideo ItaliaBBCUnited Press InternationalLangdon felt suddenly confused, wondering if the news of the antimatter had already leaked out.Vittoria seemed suddenly tense. wherefore is the press here? Whats going on?The pilot turned and gave her an odd look over his shoulder. Whats going on? You dont know?No, she fired back, her accent ill-humored and strong.Il Conclavo, he said. It is to be sealed in about an hour. The whole world is watching.Il Conclavo.The word rang a long moment in Langdons ears before dropping like a brick to the pit of his stomach. Il Conclavo. The Vatican Conclave. How could he have forgotten? It had been in the news recently.Fifteen days ago, the Po pe, after a hugely popular twelve-year reign, had passed away. Every paper in the world had carried the story about the Popes fatal stroke while sleeping a sudden and unexpected death many whispered was suspicious. But now, in keeping with the sacred tradition, fifteen days after the death of a Pope, the Vatican was holding Il Conclavo the sacred communion in which the 165 cardinals of the world the most powerful men in Christendom pull together in Vatican City to elect the new Pope.Every cardinal on the planet is here today, Langdon thought as the chopper passed over St. Peters Basilica. The expansive inner world of Vatican City spread out beneath him. The entire power structure of the Roman Catholic Church is sitting on a time bomb.34Cardinal Mortati gazed up at the lavish ceiling of the Sistine chapel and tried to find a moment of quiet reflection. The frescoed walls echoed with the voices of cardinals from nations around the globe. The men jostled in the candlelit tabern acle, whispering excitedly and consulting with one another in numerous languages, the usual tongues being English, Italian, and Spanish.The light in the chapel was usually sublime long rays of tinted sun slicing through the darkness like rays from heaven but not today. As was the custom, all of the chapels windows had been covered in black velvet in the name of secrecy. This ensured that no one on the inside could send signals or fall in any way with the outside world. The result was a profound darkness lit only by candles a shimmering radiance that seemed to purify everyone it touched, make them all ghostly like saints.What privilege, Mortati thought, that I am to oversee this sanctified event. Cardinals over eighty years of age were too old to be in line for election and did not attend combination, but at seventy-nine years old, Mortati was the most senior cardinal here and had been appointed to oversee the proceedings.Following tradition, the cardinals gathered here two ho urs before conclave to catch up with friends and engage in last-minute discussion. At 7 P.M., the late Popes chamberlain would arrive, give opening prayer, and then leave. Then the Swiss Guard would seal the doors and lock all the cardinals inside. It was then that the oldest and most secretive political ritual in the world would begin. The cardinals would not be released until they decided who among them would be the next Pope.Conclave. Even the name was secretive. Con clave literally meant locked with a key. The cardinals were permitted no contact whatsoever with the outside world. No phone calls. No messages. No whispers through doorways. Conclave was a vacuum, not to be influenced by anything in the outside world. This would ensure that the cardinals kept Solum Dum prae oculis only God before their eyes. external the walls of the chapel, of course, the media watched and waited, speculating as to which of the cardinals would become the ruler of one billion Catholics worldwide. Co nclaves created an intense, politically charged atmosphere, and over the centuries they had turned deadly poisonings, fist fights, and even murder had erupted within the sacred walls. Ancient history, Mortati thought. Tonights conclave will be unified, blissful, and above all brief.Or at least that had been his speculation.Now, however, an unexpected development had emerged. Mystifyingly, four cardinals were absent from the chapel. Mortati knew that all the exits to Vatican City were guarded, and the missing cardinals could not have gone far, but still, with less than an hour before opening prayer, he was feeling disconcerted. After all, the four missing men were no ordinary cardinals. They were the cardinals.The chosen four.As overseer of the conclave, Mortati had already sent word through the proper channels to the Swiss Guard alerting them to the cardinals absence. He had yet to hear back. Other cardinals had now noticed the puzzling absence. The anxious whispers had begun. Of al l cardinals, these four should be on time Cardinal Mortati was starting to affright it might be a long evening after all.He had no idea.35The Vaticans helipad, for reasons of safety and noise control, is located in the northwest bound of Vatican City, as far from St. Peters Basilica as possible.Terra firma, the pilot announced as they touched down. He exited and opened the sliding door for Langdon and Vittoria.Langdon descended from the craft and turned to garter Vittoria, but she had already dropped effortlessly to the ground. Every muscle in her body seemed tuned to one objective finding the antimatter before it left a horrific legacy.After stretching a reflective sun tarp across the cockpit window, the pilot ushered them to an oversized electric golf cart waiting near the helipad. The cart whisked them mutely alongside the countrys western border a fifty-foot-tall cement bulwark thick enough to ward off attacks even by tanks. Lining the interior of the wall, stick on at fi fty-meter intervals, Swiss Guards stood at attention, surveying the interior of the grounds. The cart turned sharply right onto Via della Osservatorio. Signs pointed in all directionsPalazzio GovernatorioCollegio EthiopianaBasilica San PietroCapella SistinaThey accelerated up the manicured road past a squat building marked Radio Vaticana. This, Langdon realized to his amazement, was the hub of the worlds most listened-to radio programming Radio Vaticana spreading the word of God to millions of listeners around the globe.Attenzione, the pilot said, turning sharply into a rotary.As the cart wound round, Langdon could barely believe the sight now coming into view. Giardini Vaticani, he thought. The heart of Vatican City. Directly ahead rose the rear of St. Peters Basilica, a view, Langdon realized, most people never saw. To the right loomed the Palace of the Tribunal, the lush papal residence rivaled only by Versailles in its baroque embellishment. The severe-looking Governatorato bu ilding was now behind them, housing Vatican Citys administration. And up ahead on the left, the massive rectangular edifice of the Vatican Museum. Langdon knew there would be no time for a museum visit this trip.Where is everyone? Vittoria asked, surveying the deserted lawns and walkways.The guard checked his black, military-style chronograph an odd anachronism beneath his puffy sleeve. The cardinals are convened in the Sistine Chapel. Conclave begins in a little under an hour.Langdon nodded, vaguely recalling that before conclave the cardinals spent two hours inside the Sistine Chapel in quiet reflection and visitations with their fellow cardinals from around the globe. The time was meant to renew old friendships among the cardinals and facilitate a less heated election process. And the rest of the residents and staff?Banned from the city for secrecy and security until the conclave concludes.And when does it conclude?The guard shrugged. God only knows. The words sounded oddly lite ral.After parking the cart on the wide lawn directly behind St. Peters Basilica, the guard escorted Langdon and Vittoria up a stone escarpment to a marble plaza off the back of the basilica. Crossing the plaza, they approached the rear wall of the basilica and followed it through a angulate courtyard, across Via Belvedere, and into a series of buildings closely huddled together. Langdons art history had taught him enough Italian to pick out signs for the Vatican Printing Office, the Tapestry Restoration Lab, affix Office Management, and the Church of St. Ann. They crossed another small square and arrived at their destination.The Office of the Swiss Guard is housed adjacent to Il Corpo di Vigilanza, directly northeast of St. Peters Basilica. The office is a squat, stone building. On either side of the entrance, like two stone statues, stood a pair of guards.Langdon had to admit, these guards did not look quite so comical. Although they besides wore the blue and gold uniform, each wielded the traditional Vatican long sword an eight-foot spear with a razor-sharp scythe rumored to have decapitated countless Muslims while defend the Christian crusaders in the fifteenth century.As Langdon and Vittoria approached, the two guards stepped forward, crossing their long swords, blocking the entrance. One looked up at the pilot in confusion. I pantaloni, he said, motioning to Vittorias shorts.The pilot waved them off. Il comandante vuole vederli subito.The guards frowned. Reluctantly they stepped aside.Inside, the air was cool. It looked nothing like the administrative security offices Langdon would have imagined. Ornate and impeccably furnished, the hallways contained paintings Langdon was certain any museum worldwide would lief have featured in its main gallery.The pilot pointed down a steep set of stairs. Down, please.Langdon and Vittoria followed the white marble treads as they descended between a metal glove of nude male sculptures. Each statue wore a fig leaf t hat was lighter in color than the rest of the body.The Great Castration, Langdon thought.It was one of the most horrific tragedies in Renaissance art. In 1857, Pope Pius IX decided that the accurate representation of the male form might incite lust inside the Vatican. So he got a chisel and mallet and hacked off the genitalia of every single male statue inside Vatican City. He defaced works by Michelangelo, Bramante, and Bernini. Plaster fig leaves were used to patch the damage. Hundreds of sculptures had been emasculated. Langdon had often wondered if there was a huge crate of stone penises someplace.Here, the guard announced.They reached the bottom of the stairs and dead-ended at a heavy, steel door. The guard typed an door code, and the door slid open. Langdon and Vittoria entered.Beyond the threshold was absolute mayhem.

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

For my paper I interview Brandie Stine. She has lived through many changes in her own family and had some great insight on how our family has changed so much everywhere the past years. When she remarried in 1998, she went from a mother of five, to a mother of eight. She became part of a very big blended family.The adjustment of joining five teenagers (three of us had already moved out), was very hard for her and her husband. Trying to teach teenagers to get together is worse than having a group of 2 year old, telling them you deem to sh ar. They were able to make it through the rough times and now over the past 12 years, she and her husband have become the proud grandparents of 18 grandchildren. Her grandchildren are her new pride and joy, but she has also become a statistic, of a grandparent raising a grandchild. She says it is hard and sad, when one of your own children is not willing or wanting to raise their own child.She has raised Raven for the past five years, becoming her s urrogate mother. She never thought that after raising her own children, she would be in these shoes again raising a small child. While a grandparent raising their grandchildren is not something new, the fact that older grandparents are raising young grandchildren is on the rise. In the nigh recent Census Bureau statistics, 2.4 million of the nations families are maintained by grandparents who have one or more of their grandchildren living with theman increase of 400,000 (19 percent) since 1990.These families comprise 7 percent of all families with children under 18. (U.S. Census Bureau, the Official Statistics, 1997) Some grandparents who have retried have to go keep going to work, just to be able to afford to take care of their grandchildren. The poverty rate is growing with this problem. Brandie said, That when she was growing up you had grandparents in some homes but when you did this was to overhaul take care of them and they would help the parents to raise their children.Ch ildren had respect for their grandparents and knew if they got in trouble with grandma, her punishment could be worse than moms, and then you also had to deal with dad when he got home. If you did not live in the same home as your grandparents, then they werent but a short drive away and you spent most of your weekends with them. My mother has seen too many children being pushed to the side, and left to be taken care of by someone else. This is sad thatwe have allowed our young adults to just puddle their children away and not think twice. When did it become okay for a mother or father to not care about the well being of thither children and allow someone else to raise them?

Discussion Questions

DQ1 Please describe the kinds of evidence that a plaintiff can present in order to establish a negligent act. In a negligence suit, the plaintiff has the burden of proving that the defendant did not act as a just person would have acted under the circumstances. The tribunal will instruct the jury as to the standard of conduct required of the defendant. For example, a defendant sued for negligent campaign is judged according to how a reasonable person would have driven in the selfsame(prenominal) circumstances.A plaintiff has a variety of means of proving that a defendant did not act as the hypothetical reasonable person would have acted. The plaintiff can show that the defendant violated a statute designed to hold dear against the type of injury that occurred to the plaintiff. Also, a plaintiff might introduce expert witnesses, evidence of a customary practice, or circumstantial evidence. DQ2. Research one court elusion addressing Health Care Law that corresponds to the materia l in this seminars reading and write a 1-2 paragraph summary of the case.Please be sure to include the case name in your reference listing and the source of your information. The case that I chose to write on came from our textbook, but I did some additional research online and represent more information on this particular case. The case involves a mother and father who filed a outlawed death suit against their OB/GYNs for the wrongful death of their unborn son. Initially, the court found in favor of the physicians, but after an appeal process to the U. S. Supreme Court of Appeals, they were granted a assessment in their favor. Tara Reese went to the Fort Worth Osteopathic Medical Center emergency room in her seventh month of pregnancy, complaining of a racing pulse and dizziness. Doctors contumacious that she had a high pulse rate and high blood pressure and sent her to the labor and delivery room for further observation. On multiple do through the course of the evening, docto rs monitored the heart tones of the fetus, which were often difficult to detect. The following morning the doctors confirmed that the fetus would be stillborn.Tara and her husband, Donnie Reese, brought suit against Fort Worth Osteopathic Hospital, Osteopathic Family Medicine Clinics, Craig Smith, D. O. , Roberta Beals, D. O. , Reid Culton, D. O. , and tin Chapman, D. O. (health care providers), for negligence, gross negligence, and vicarious liability, seeking damages under the wrongful death and survival statutes and for personal injuries to Tara Reese. The trial court granted summary judicial decision in favor of all health care providers. The Reeses appealed all claims except that against Dr.Chapman. The court of appeals affirmed the summary judgment disposing of Donnie Reeses individual bystander claim, but reversed the residuum of the summary judgment, remanding the case to the trial court. The health care providers petitioned this Court for review, arguing that the court o f appeals incorrectly held that the Reeses could assert wrongful death and survival actions and that Tara Reese could assert her give birth individual claim. Donnie Reese did not appeal the adverse judgment against his individual claim. (Phillips, 2003) Essentially, this case has a lot of grey area that borders on the hot topic of spontaneous abortion and whether a fetus is considered alive and entitled to all the rights before it is born. Another issue I found with this case is that you are going to find the same types of cases across the U. S. with different outcomes depending on the state in which the trial was held. References Phillips, T. U. S. Supreme Court of Appeals, the Second District of Texas. (2003). Reese v. fort worth osteopathic hospital inc. (02-1061). Retrieved from THE SUPREME lawcourt OF TEXAS website http//www. supreme. courts. state. tx. us/historical

Andre Derain

Andre Derain, Mountains at Colioure, 1905-exemplifeis so c solelyed mixed technique. Favism in which short strokes of light color derived fom the work of van goh and Seurat are combine with curvilinear planes of flat color inspired by by gaugunis paintings and are nouvau decorative dodges. The assertive colors, which he likened to sticks of dynamite do not record what he actually saw in the landscape by rather generate their own purely artistic energy as they convey the artists intense mental picture about what he saw. Henri Matisse, The woman with the hat, 1905-Like Derain Matisse was interested in deliberate disharmonies.The painting sparked controversy at the 1905 salon dAutomne. Not because of subject was depicted with tender drawing, sketchy brushwork, and wildly arbitrary colors that create a harsh and dissonant effect. Henri Matisse, Le Bonheur de Vivre(The Joy of Life), 1905-depicts nudes in attitudes close to traditional studio poses, still the landscape is intensely b proper(ip). He defended his aims in 1908 pamphlet called notes of a painter What I am after, above all, is expression, he wrote. In the past, an artist might express feeling thourgh the figure pses or expressions that the characters in the painting had.But now, he wrote, the whole arranfement of my picture is expressive. The place occupies by the figures or objects, the empty spaces around them, the proportions, everything plays a part. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, street, Berlin- predominate the left half of the painting, two prostitutes, advertised by their large feathered hats and fur trimmed coats, strut past well dressed ourgeois men, their potential clients. The figures come to the fore as artificial and dehumanized figures, with masklike faces and stiff gestures.Their bodies crowd together, notwithstanding they are psychotically distant from one another, victims of modern urban alienation. The harsh colors, tilted perspective, and angular lines cross-file Kirchners expression istic response to the subject. Kollwitz, The outbreak-Expressionist* shows the peasants built up fury from years of mistreatment exploding against their oppressors, a lesson in the power of group action. Kollwitz said that she herself was the model for the leader of the revolt, black anna, who raises her turn over to signal the attack.Her arms silhouetted against the sky, and the crowded mass of worker with their farm tools , form a jumbled and chaotic picture of a time of upheaval. Kandinsky, Improvisation No 28-First abstract work*This work retains vestige of the landscape Kandinsky found references to nature the hardest transcend. But the work taes us into a vortex of color, line and shape. If we recognize buildings or mountains or faces in the work, then perhaps we are seing in the old way, looking for corresponences between the painting and the world where none are intended.Rather the artist would throw off us look at the painting as if we were hearing a shmphony, respnding i nsticntivley and spontaneously to this or that passage, and then to the total experience. Kandinsky, The Blue Mountain, 1909- shows two horsemen, rendered in the mien of Russian folk art, before a looming peak in his favorite color. The flatness of the work and the carefully parallel brushstrokes show influence from Gaugin and Cezanne. Many of his whole kit and caboodle feature riders Kandinsky had in mind the horsemen of the Apoclypse who usher in the end of the world before its final transformation at the end of time.Franz Marc, The large blue horses- The animals unite into a homogenous unit, the fluid contours of which reflect the harmony of their collective existence and echo the lines of the hills behind them, suggestion that they are also in harmony with their surroundings. The pure, unshakable colors reflect their uncomplicated yet intense experience of the world as March enviously imagined it. Paul Klee, Hammamet with its mosque-The play between geometric penning and ir regular brush strokes is reminiscent of Cezannes work, which Klee has recently seen.The luminous colors and delicate washes or applications of dilute watercolor, result in a gently shimmering effect The problematic modulations of red across the bottom, especially are positively melodic. Klee who played violin and belonged to a musical family, seems to have wanted to use color the way a musician would use sound, not to describe appearances but to evoke subtle nuances of feeling. Pablo Picasso, Self Portrait, 1901- reveals his unhappiness which reveals his familiarity with cold, hunger and disappointment.In search of a more vital art inviroment, Picasso moves to paris where his circumstances improved. Picasso, Family of saltimbanques, 1905-In this mysterios composition, si figures ihabit a barren lanscape ainted in warm tones of beige and rose sketchily brushed over a blue ground. fin of the figures cluster together in the left two thirds of the picture while the sicth a seather wom an curiously detached, occupies her own space in the lower right. every of the saltimbanques seem psycholically withdrawn and uncommunicative as silent as the emoty andscape they occupy.Picasso, Les Demoisleels dAvogmon, 1907-Iberian influences is seen in the faces of the three leftmost figures, with their simplified features and wise, almond shaped eyes. The faces of the two right handed, painted in a radically different style, were inspired by African art. Given the then condesving attitudes towards primitive cultures. Picassos wholesale adoption and adaptation of their styles for a large multifigured painting , as opposed to a still life or a small genre work. Georges Braqu, houses at LEstaque- Reveals the emergence of ahead of time Cubism.Inspired by Cezannes example, Braque reduced natures many colors to its essential browns and greens and eliminated detail to emphasize basic geometric forms. Arranging the buildings into an appoximate pyramid, he pushed those in the distance adjacent to the foreground, so the viewer looks uop the plane of the canvas more than into. Georges Braque, Violin and Palette, 1909-10-the gradual abstraction of deep space and recognizable subject matter is well on a lower floor way. The still life items are not staged in illusionistic depth but are pushed close to the picture plane in a modify space.Braque knit the various elements together into a single shifting surface of forms and colors. In some areas of the paintings, these formal elements have lost not only their intrinsic spatial relations nut their identities as well. Picasso, Glass and bottle of suze, 1912 Collage , a work composed of separate elements pasted together. At the center, newsprint and wind paper are assembled to suggest a tray or round table supporting a glass and a bottle of liquor with an actual label.Robert Deluanay, motor hotel to Bleriot 1914-pays tribute to the French pilot who in 1909 was the first to fly across the English channel. One of Bler iots early airplane, in the upper right, and the Eiffel tower below it, symbolized scientific and social progress, and the crossing of the channel expressed the hope of a new, unified world without national, antagonisms. The brightly colores circular forms that fill the canvas suggest both the battlefront of the propellar on the left and blazing sun. Fernand Legere, Three women, 1921- Machine age version of the French odalique tradition that dates back to Ingeres.The picture space is shallow and compressed by less radically shattered than analytic cubist works. The women arranged within a geometric grid stare out blankly at us, embodying a quality of classical calm. Legers wome haveidentical faces, and their bodies seem assembled from metal parts. Boccion, Unique forms of continuity in space, 1913-an armless nude figure in full, powerful stride. The contours of the muscular body cream and flow into the surround space, expressing the fgres great velocity and vitatlity as it rushes forward, a stirring symbol of the brave new futurist world.Malevich, The supremist paintng- consists simply of eight red rectangles arranged diagnolly on a white painted ground. Malevich called this art suprematism, short for the supremacy of pure feeling in creative art. Motivated by a pure feeling for plastic values. Brancusi, The New born, 1915-the egg symbolizes the birth or the rebirth and the pontential for growth and development. He say egg shapes as perfect, organic ovals that contain all possible life forms. Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917-A porcelain urinal sour 90 degrees an signed it as mocking J. L mott Iron works.The manufacturer. Marcel Duchamp, L H O O Q, 1919-Marcel bought a postcard of the mona lisa and painted a mustache and a beard on the famous fac, and signed it with his name. he called this piece not a readymade but and assisted readymade. John Sloan, Election Night, 1914-Embodies many of the groups concerns. Theartist went out into street during a postelecti on victory celebration and made a sheaf of quick drawings that he turned into this painting. The work feels like a spontaneous sketch. Sloan was an avid socialist who made illustrations for several leftist magazines in those years.Dove, Nature Symbolized, no. 2-is a remarkable cause of small worksin which the artist made visual equivalents for natural phenomena such as rivers, trees and breezes. Doce rendered nature as from his experience of it. Okeefe, City Night, 1926-dark tonalities, stark forms, and exaggerated perspective may produce a sense of menace or claustrophobia. . The painting seems to reflect okeefs own growing perception of the city as too confinig. Frida Kahlo, The two fridas, 1939-shows an visualize of Kahlo that expresses a split in her identity between Mexican and European.The European frida wear a Victorian dress while the Mexican wears peasant clothing. The race vessel that flows through both fridas hints at the idea that the artist was injured as a teen an the painting shows her inner pain and struggle. Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye France, 1929-House outside of paris is an icon of international style. It is the best expression of his domino construction system. Frand Llyoyd Wright. Frederick C Robie house, Chicago 1906-Organized around a central chimney that marks the hearth as the physical and psychological center of the home. Frand e

Macroeconomic Performance of the Ten Countries Essay

What was Expected from the Governments and Central Banks of These New Entrants?On May 1, 2004, ten Central European and Mediterranean countries jointureed the EU and their names are as fol impoverisheds Czech Re popular, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, and Slovakia. This raised the enlargement to 25 countries that comprise of 450 million people, which is much than the world of the U.S. and Japan combined. 1 This accession leave behind make the new member states governments to utilize the EU legislation without much exception and will enable them to enjoy solely the advantages that go with it, and once they go by dint of and finished a certain period and show improvements, they will be included in Schengen area and the euro z wholeness.In addition, from the year 2004 to 2006 they are entitled to receive a payment of 45 billion euros in a form of a community aid and 30.7 billion euros in a form of payment appropriations. As a result, acco rding to two treaties that were signed in Amsterdam and Nice that were the basis through which the enlargement was conducted, the intent of the whole arrangement was to make the overdone Europe more democratic, transparent, and effective c completelying on all governments to work on these areas.The end result of the enlargement had been labeled as a diachronic precedence that will change the dimensions of the continent and it is believed to put the division of the past substructure ushering in democracy, freedom, and stability to the whole region. At the same time it is believed that it creates opportunities for all involved where the early 15 countrys business share and economical activity had increased, while the new entrants pack likewise reaped economic advantage that was not accessible for them before the assesstion.What had come into existence is a union of 450 million people and had already represented at the time the union was effected one-fourth of the military man wealth, giving the region a new leading economic power. In addition, the role the continent is seeing in the inter countryal scene had gotten enhancement, especially in security and defense policy. 2The new states and their governments that are association the merger will have to adhere to the Copenhagen Criteria and it has three components. The first component is any of the tribes that are connexion the union should reach a certain level of stability and should have establishments that oversee and guarantee democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and the observing of the rights of minorities. Then the second one which is an economic criteria stipulates that the nations adhere to the principle of the market rescue and have a mechanism that enables them to deal with competitive pressure and market forces that will be order at them by and by connecter the EU.What is called acquis communautaire adoption criterion anticipates that the panoramas should put themselves in a po sition to shoulder the memberships obligations, as well as a strict adherence to the principles of the political, economic, and monetary union. Through all this process the Union is responsible for evaluating, recommending, and approving of the states performance and it will evaluate the capacity of the Union to absorb more members without affecting the normal functioning of the existing Union members.The process starts when European countries apply to join the Union and that will be evaluated base on how the applicant nations with the guidance of their respective governments meet the Copenhagen political and economic criteria, and the accession is granted only when the requirements are met. The nations through their governments will have to admit to apply the EU legislation that is over 80,000 pages from day one, even if on that point are a fewer exceptions that will allow the new entrants a leeway as yen as it is not going to intervene with the smooth operation of the activ ities of the sepa vagabond members. When the EU is convinced that the applying nations meet all the requirements of the Copenhagen criteria the next mannikin will kick in, which is the signing of the accession treaty. 3The ten Central European and Mediterranean states, through macroeconomic plans that were introduced and carried out by their respective governments had gone through this process before getting permission to join the Union. And once they joined the Union there are more questions arising because it is difficult to say what money they should be using and as large as they meet the Maastricht criteria they are expected to the join the euro zone by abandoning their own currency.Here the various central banks play a leading role because it is known that it will take them some time to meet the requirements and while working to meet the requirements they will have to steering on their structural and economic reforms so that they will manage to have a better convergence in both nominal and real terms. Since the other requirement before joining the euro is entering the Exchange Rate Mechanism of the European Monetary System, the ERM II will require them to abandon their own monetary policy.It does not necessarily mean this route fits everyone since the rigorous stability requirement applied by the exchange rate could derail the existing stand of their new account, exactly because when there is appreciation in their currency it will affect their competitiveness, because of the high toll they will be forced to charge. The other worry is joining the ERM II should not result in overvaluing their currency whereby they will be obligated to devalue their currency in the two years test period. From what had been witnessed roughly of the nations had an open economy that was heavily reliant on trade with EU countries and if they can eliminate the transaction cost in any way, which would include currency exchange, they will embrace it. 4The final outcome was from the ten countries that joined the Union Slovenia, Lithuania, and Estonia were able to enter the ERM II and were expected to join the euro zone on January 1st, 2007, simply because they had met close of the criteria. But the only nation that managed to join the euro was Slovenia showing that the others did not meet some of the requirements, they need more time to make the ad only ifments, and might be able to join the euro by the year 2008. The other three nations Latvia, Cyprus, and Malta had also joined ERM II and could join the euro in 2008. The remaining members Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland are deemed to endure recollectiveer to better meet the criteria. 5The Macroeconomic Policy These Nations had been Following After Joining the Union.To address this question starting from the Central European nation that just joined the euro zone in January 1, 2007 might shed blithe on the areas that the nation did right while the other two nations Lithuania and Eston ia will have to bear at least up to 2008 to be evaluated if they would meet the requirement of the ERM II. The nation had $17,290 per capita income in 2005, it had a population of two million people, and it was among the most successful convert economies. The nations gross house servant product per capita in 2005 was 81% of the other EU members, which must have helped it to get a high score, since it is the only nation that has much(prenominal) a high percentage.According to the report the prosperity of Slovenia is due to its gradual and consensual approach to reform, which has made it distinguishable from the other nine countries. It has worked hard to resonate this position although lately its competitiveness is eroding. Another area that had lagged was exotic direct investment (FDI) due to the slower pace and the general reluctance to interact with foreign sources resulting the FDI to be 1.2% of gross domestic product between 1997-2005. Even if it had reached once to 7% of GDP it had gone back to .02% of GDP in 2005 and this falling behind is curtailing the advancement the nation could have attained, yet it did not prevent it from joining the euro, simply because the possibility is within reach. 6As far as economic exploitation is concerned the nation has averaged 3.9% it the mentioned period and had managed to fend off macroeconomic im dimensions that were commonplace with the other transitional economies and its tight fiscal and monetary policy had resulted in allowing it to have a turn up balanced budget with a 1.7% budget and 1.1% received deficit, another good performance that was coupled with an enhanced foreign trade.The country also had managed to bring puffiness under control and it had it at a single-digit since 1996. Another advantage the nation had was it had a strong performance where the GDP growth was at 3.9% fueled by a rise in foreign demand. In all this, inflation was under control at 2.5% and that was attained by allowing wage to lag behind productivity growth, by making up for oil price increase by introducing excise tax, and by attaining a stable exchange rate. 7The next nation to look at is Lithuania which was among the three nation that were slated to join the eruo in 2007, but has not made it and looking at its performance might shade light on how it fared. The first glaring difference between the two countries is the per capita income where in Lithuania it was $7,210 in 2005 even if the population in Slovenia was only 1.4 million, whereas the population in Lithuania is 3.4 million. otherwise than that the GDP growth of 7.5% was much higher and it was the fastest growing economy in the region.It also had much more to export, which included refined oil, machinery and equipment, and textile. It is not different than the other countries that are heavily subject on the euro zone for their exports, the average being 60%. The other advantage it had over Slovenia was it had enjoyed a peak GDP growth of 10% in 2003 since it was in a better position to create wage growth by bringing slew unemployment from 17% down to 6% and in doing that it had got help from the EU fund that it was entitled for joining the Union in 2004.At the same time, it had a much better domestic demand that is enabling it to drive its economy. Yet, there is a sign of heating of the economy as there is shortage of workers since they are migrating to the UK and Ireland. After joining ERM II it had shown an impressive commitment to adopt the euro and was able to liberalize its pricing and most of its trades had been directed to the EU zone. The other factors such as privatization had been taken care of to the compass point where all factors of production are in the private hands, and it had also been working in the area of FDI that is seeing a steep increase. If there is another look that is holding it back it could the unparalleled poverty level in the nation and it is at 52% purchasing power parity compared to 81 % enjoyed by Slovenia. And one of the reasons that it did not qualify might be at least 16% of its population lives under the poverty line and poverty is widespread in the rude area where it is considered to be up to 57% of the poor are living. That area might be the reason that contributed to its being held back for a while since all the indicators including health and education are going badly lacking in these regions. 6Estonia that was in the list to join the euro in January 1, 2007 with the other two nations is a relatively smaller country with a population of 1.35 million and its per capita income is $9,100. This nation has fewer natural resources and it depends on trade for the most part. Its main specialty export is telecom. Its GDP growth performance was not bad at 7.5%. The country had been a main gateways for trade between the Soviet Union and the West that is said to have given it some advantage and because of that the education level and the standard of living of the p eople was higher that other member countries.In 2005 its GDP growth had reached 9.8% resulting in the heating up of the economy as the unemployment rate had gone down, while at the same time workers are migrating to the other EU countries. What is driving its economy is the domestic demand that is expanding due to income growth and credit expansion that is also taking export higher. If there is any problem highlighted it is the overheating of the economy and the current account defect that is at 11% of GDP in 2005 and was at 13% in 2004, which would mean this could be one of the reasons why its plan to join the euro in 2007 had been postponed. 8The other three nations slated for 2008 to join the euro are Latvia, Cyprus, and Malta. Latvia has a per capita income of $6,750 and has 2.3 million people where one-third of them are living in the capital city. The nation has few natural resources and is an importer for the most part and the import includes natural gas, oil, and electricity. The source of GDP for 2005 was 23% industry, 73% service, and the remaining 4% was from agriculture.The country had some difficulty adjusting after it left the Soviet Union and the situation was turned roughly by the fiscal discipline the government introduced, where a cap was put to the subsidies enterprises were getting. The governments early liberalization effort had enabled the nation to join WTO in 1999. Overall, the nation had converted itself into a market economy, which enabled it to join the EU in 2004. Market and price liberalization, privatization, restriction on foreign transaction all are in the right perspective and the result had been positive where privatization is almost complete.Other areas overhauled were the legal system, institutions, and the brotherly safety net. The GDP growth had made it to 10.2% in 2005 and the unemployment rate was at 8.7% in the same year. Some of the malice that is affecting the other nations such as low-income level, which was at 47% of the EU average had not spared this nation either. Because of that labor migration had been escalating after joining the Union which is feared to create a problem in the long run while at the same time the population is aging. Because of this there is a fear of overheating and the deficit has reached 12.4% while inflation is at 6%, which has contributed to the holding back of the nation from joining the euro and that might be possible in 2010. 6Cyprus on the other hand has a highly developed nucleotide with a population of 784,000 and with a per capita of $7135. The macroeconomic policy of the government had focused on meeting the requirement of joining the EU. There was oil discovery in the sea south of Cyprus and negotiations had gone underway with the neighboring Egypt how to exploit the finding.The overall market structure is based on a free-market basis and is heavily dependant on the service sector, yet there is lack of investment from government and private sector, while a t the same time the high cost of burden had been scaring business away, and all this had been worsened by the lack of skilled labor. In spite of this handicap, the GDP growth rate had made it to 11.4 in 2004 and yet it is fall behind behind in inveigleing FDI. Even if there is a political problem between the north and south, this particular nation might be among the nations that would join the EU in 2008. 9Malta is also another island with a population of 404,000, which had transformed itself into a freight transshipment and a financial center as well as a tourist destination. In addition, it has some limestone and a better productive labor force than Cyprus where the economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing, and tourism. Its per capita income is much higher than most countries at $20,300 and the unemployment rate for 2006 was at 6.8%. The island has liberalized its market and privatized some government-controlled firms and the possibility that it might join the euro zone is there. 9The other nations Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, are much bigger nations and there is Slovakia also that are slated to join the euro gradually after meeting the criteria, which might prove to be difficult to them because of their size. If we take the case of the Czech Republic, it has a population of 10.2 million and a per capita income of $11,110 making it among the highest income earning countries. After joining the EU in 2004 the process of transforming the economy from centrally planned to a market driven economy is almost complete. There had been a considerable fiscal consolidation, and the inflation is low at 1.8%, while at the same time it had no problem with its balance of payments.Foreign direct investment is 50% of the GDP making it the only nation that enjoys such inflows of investment, yet, in spite of it, it had a high unemployment rate of more than 8% and is persisting, which might have been because of its high population that is not affected much by the migration of labor.The GDP growth for 2005 was 6%, attained mainly through export created through FDI in the automotive sector. The fiscal deficit for 2005 was at 3% whereas the current account deficit fell to 2.3% for 2005. Because of the high unemployment, which is the outcome of unemployed economic performance it might have to stay a bit longer before joining the euro, although the expectation is it will meet the requirement eventually. 10 more(prenominal) or less, the same is applicable to the other three countries Hungary, Poland, Slovakia whose population is 10 million, 38 million, 5.4 million respectively, making Poland the highest populated country among the EU-10 countries. While Hungry had $10,050 per capita income, Poland had $7,110, and Slovakia had $8,130 in 2005. Poland had to deal with structural reforms to consolidate public finance, tackle unemployment and poverty, work on making the nation attractive for business by introducing a more effectual government .The fact that up to seven million people live in poverty does not make it look as a good campaigner for the euro yet and the unemployment rate is the highest at 16%. However, the situation is a bit changing after joining the EU in 2004 and there was a growth of 5.3% in GDP in 2004, which created high consumption level, investment opportunity, and a better exporting level, and eventually it will make it a proper candidate to join the euro as it is working to meet that goal. Its FDI is at 5% of GDP and that is low for such a large country although its inflation rate is low at 2.1% and its current account defect is also under control. 6On the other hand, Hungary is in a much better position since it was able to attract FDI that is enabling it to build a robust private exporting sector. If there is a problem, the budget deficit is at 8% due to higher public spending and tax reduction, which could affect the economy in the long run. Inflation had slowed down to 3.5% for 2005 which was d ue to regulated prices and a decrease on indirect taxes.The unemployment rate stood at 7.2% in 2006. Even if the government had introduced a fiscal consolidation program what might be needed to change the situation is a long term structural reform. Hungary is moving steadily to join the euro gradually, and is better situated than the rest of the countries that are in line to join the euro in the coming years. 6Slovakia is also in a similar situation with the others where it had a 6% GDP growth in 2005 and had unemployment rate of 16.2%. In recent years, especially after joining the EU in 2004 it had undertaken major steps to decentralize its economy. The government had introduced reform in many areas including welfare, pension, health care, labor market, and public finance. Its GDP for 2005 grew by around 6% and inflation was at 2.7%. The fiscal deficit was at 3.3% while the current account deficit had been 7.8% of GDP for 2005 and it had FDI rate 2.7% of GDP. Overall, it is working toward meeting the EUs criteria to join the euro although it is difficult to say when it will meet all the requirements. 6The conclusion is, there are requirements these nations will have to meet and the major ones are to tackle high level of inflation, a budget deficit below 3% of GDP, the public debt has to be at a manageable level, and maintaining a long term low interest rate in parallel to other central banks.If these are in place side by the side with the Maastricht and the Copenhagen pact criteria the time it will take them to join the euro will be shorter. Otherwise, their participation could affect the smooth operation of the whole Union, as well as it will put them at a disadvantage offsetting their whole fiscal and monetary policy. 11REFERENCEThe Union Welcomes Ten New Countries Online. available http//www.delnam.cec.eu.int/OurNewsletter/2004/ECNewsMay04.pdf. march 14, 2007.European sevens Fact Sheet. Online. Available www.europal.europa.eu/facts/2_3_0_en.htm. March 14, 2007.The Challenge of European Economy in 2004. Online. Available www.ecb.int/press/key/date/2004/html/sp040129.en.html. March 14, 2007.Euro in a Wider Circle. Online. Available www.ece.int/press/key/date/2004/html/sp041119.en.html. March 14, 2007.Redefining Europe. Online. Available www.inter-dicpilanry.net/AUD/AUD2/s10.htm. March 14, 2007.World Bank. Online. Available www.worldbank.com (countries). March 14, 2007.ECB Panel Intervention at the Euro Conference. Online. Available www.ecb.int/press/date/2007/html/sp07115_1.en.html. March 14, 2007.Commission Assessment of Estonia Convergence. Online. Availablehttp//ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/about/activities/sgp/country/commass/ee/ass_ee20032004. March 14, 2007.CIA The World Fact Book. Online. Available https//cia.gov (countries). March 14, 2007.Macroeconomic. Online. Available http//www.cerge-ei.cz/pdf/books/pdf_0304/III.pdf. 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